Prepared: December, 2001
Revised: November, 2003
In 2002, Kansas ranked 14th in U.S. Pinto bean production behind ND, MI, NE, MN, ID, CA, CO, WA, WY, MT, NY, TX, and SD. Kansas contributed 0.5% to the total U.S. Pinto production. The total production of Pinto beans in 2002 was 160,000 cwt, down 38% from 2001 production. Over 75% of total dry edible bean production in Kansas was Pinto beans. Total acreage planted with Pinto bean was 18,000, up 2,000 acres from 2001. Total acreage harvested for all dry edible beans in 2002 was 14,000, down 3.4% from 2001. The State average yield of Pinto bean was 1,100 pounds per acre, down 750 pounds from 2001 yield. Farm value of all dry edible beans in 2001 was 4.7 million dollars.
Production Regions
In 2002, the northwestern region (Figure 1) led the state in total dry bean production with 101,000 cwt, followed by west central region with 43,000 cwt. The northwestern region accounted for 63.1% of Kansas total dry bean production. Northwestern region accounted for 62.7% and 60.7% of the state’s planted and harvested acres of all dry beans. Sherman in northwestern and Wallace in west central Kansas (Figure 2) led the state in total all dry bean production with 76,000 and 42,000 cwt, respectively. The next highest county was Cheyenne in the northwestern region with 23,000 cwt.Figure 1
Figure 2. Top Three Counties in All Dry Beans Production, 2002.
The state of Kansas is divided into nine districts (Figure 1). Soil types vary within a district. In general, northwestern and most of the west is deep, dark gray-brown silt loams, except the southwest counties are silt and sandy loams, and brown loamy fine sands. A moderately deep, dark gray-brown silt loams, and gray clays dominate the central and north central districts of Kansas. Northeastern Kansas has very dark brown silt, clay and silty clay loams soils whereas, the southeastern part has shallow, very dark gray-brown silt, clay, and silty clay loam soils. Average rainfall ranges from 16-18 inches in the western half of Cheyenne, Sherman, and Wallace counties in the northwest to 42-44 inches in eastern half of Crawford and Cherokee counties in the southeast region.
Dry-edible beans are relatively minor crops in Kansas. The common classes grown in Kansas are mostly Pinto and Great Northern beans. Most of the pinto grown in Kansas is concentrated in the irrigated regions of western Kansas, with low rainfall to produce beans with low disease problems.
Dry beans can be planted in different types of soil. However, loamy soil with high organic matter is preferred. Heavy, poorly drained, alkaline, and previously treated with triazine herbicide are unfavorable soils for dry bean growth. Low temperatures at any stage of plant growth, moist or rainy weather is also unfavorable to dry beans. Beans can be planted after frost period has passed and when soil temperatures, at seeding time, reach 55 to 60 oF in May. Generally, earlier planting can be made in eastern or southern part of the western regions. Seeds are planted at 1 to 3 inches deep depending on soil texture, moisture conditions, and condition of the seedbed. Row spacing is between 22 and 30 inches, depending on soil type, with 4-6 plants per foot of row.
Planting rates depend on row spacing, seed size, plant growth habit, and percent of pure live seed. Under irrigation, planting rates range between 50 to 60 pounds per acre, and 12 to 15 pounds per acre for dry-land beans.
Only certified seeds for genetic purity and low levels of disease, noxious weeds, inert matter, and other crop seeds are planted to reduce infection from seed-borne pathogens. Seeds are treated with fungicides, bactericides, and insecticides to reduce seed rot, blight contamination, and soil insect damage, respectively.
Irrigated dry bean are grown in rotation every three- to four- years, with other crops such as alfalfa, wheat, barley, and corn to reduce diseases and insect problems.
Dry bean plants require 90 to 100 days to mature. Plants are pulled when 33 to 50% of the pods turn yellow. After the beans have dried in the windrows they are threshed with a combine equipped with pickup attachment. Beans are stored at less than 18% moisture, and mechanically dried to bring harvested beans to this moisture level.
On year 2002 survey, we did not collect information on worker activities (e. g., hand weeding, pruning, thinning, spot-treating, mowing, hand-harvesting, and hand pollination) involved in growing this crop.Pesticide Usage on Dry Beans for Year 2002
Year 2002 Kansas pesticide usage survey on dry beans was conducted by the Kansas Agricultural Statistics Service (KASS) and Kansas State University from October to December 2002. Since dry bean is one of the small crops in Kansas, questionnaires were mailed directly to all growers for commodity dry beans (which were identified by KASS based on year 2001 survey). A total of 99 questionnaires were sent out and 36 of them were collected, with valid data from 3 regions and 10 counties. The following table displays the sample distributions in Kansas in terms of regions and counties.
Sampling Data Distribution
| Regions | County | Survey | Sample (%) |
| 10 | 5 | 23 | 64 |
| 20 | 3 | 11 | 31 |
| 30 | 2 | 2 | 6 |
| sum | 10 | 36 | 100 |
Region 10 and 20 were the major contributors to dry bean production in Kansas for year 2002. Accordingly, approximately 95% of the sampling data were collected from those two regions. Approximately 42.9% of the pesticides were applied directly by farmers/growers/rancher-self against various pests and 57.1% were applied by commercial entities.
Insect pests do not cause significant yield reduction of dry beans in Kansas. However, the following insects can be potential pests in Kansas on dry beans.
Grasshoppers
(Melanoplus spp.) (differential, redlegged,
two-striped, migratory grasshoppers) The most common grasshoppers in Kansas
have short antennae, the pronotum is not extended to the length of the wings,
and the tarsi are 3-segmented. Only 15 out of 118 species cause significant
damage to crops. Adults generally lay eggs in capsules in the ground in late
summer and early fall. Eggs hatch from April to August, depending on the
species. Grasshoppers feed on the foliage of non-crop areas before moving into field
crops. They will feed first in the field margins and then move into the field.
Damage from grasshopper feeding results in holes in the leaves and pods. (Image
resource = http://www.insects.org/entophiles/orthoptera/orth_003.html).
Seedcorn maggots (Delia platura and D. florilega)
attack bean seeds, preventing germination and reducing the stand. The yellowish
white maggot tunnels into the seed or stem. The gray flies are found in the
spring in early May when soil temperatures reach 50 oF. They lay
eggs in soil, on crop residue, or on the seed or seedling. Wet and cool
conditions and high organic matter soils favor seedcorn maggots. (Delia platura, image source = http://www.msue.msu.edu/msue/imp/mods1/visuals/image62.jpg).
Non-Chemical Control*:
Western bean cutworm (Richia albicosta) is an important pest
of corn and dry beans in the western one-third of the state and especially in
the northwestern region. Females lay eggs on the lower side of bean leaves. The
young, brown larvae, with a diamond pattern on the back, feed on leaf tissues
and blossoms. As they grow they begin to chew holes in the pods and on the
developing seeds. (Image source =http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/insect/05538.html
(above); http://www.ianr.unl.edu/pubs/insects/g1359.htm
(below)).
Potato leafhopper (Empoasca fabae) is found in hot dry
growing seasons. The adult leafhopper is wedge shaped, 1/8 inch long, yellowish
green color with a row of six white spots behind the head. Both the adults and
nymphs suck plant sap from the vascular system of the leaves. In the process,
they inject a toxin that causes injury to the plant. The injected area on the
leaf turns yellow, then brown, and finally dies. If infestations occur at early
stages of growth, plant will be stunted. However, infestations after bloom do
not affect yields. (Image sources = http://www.ento.vt.edu/Fruitfiles/PLH.html).
Flea beetle (Chaetocnema pulicaria) is 1/16 inch long, has a shiny body with
enlarged hind femora for jumping. Adults overwinter under crop residue. They
can be found in mid-spring, during warm days. Females lay eggs in the soil
around the base of the plants. Adults feed on seedlings by chewing on plant
tissue causing holes in the leaves. Severely infested seedlings become stunted
and may die. (Image source = http://www.ipm.uiuc.edu/vegetables/insects/corn_flea_beetle/
(above); http://scarab.msu.montana.edu/HPIPMImage/Images/1203/sm/IMG0020.jpg
(below)).
Green cloverworm (Plathypena scabra) moths are dark
brown with lighter brown areas and dark
brown or black dots. The larvae are light green, looper caterpillars with 4
white lines down the back and sides. They feed on leaves creating a transparent
skin on the leaf surface. Older cloverworms eat holes in the leaves of alfalfa,
clover, cowpea, soybean, vetch, and some other plants. Since they rarely cause
severe injury, treatments are not required. (Image source = http://www.ent.iastate.edu/imagegal/lepidoptera/gcloverworm/0212.24gcloverworm.html
).
Cutworms Several species are potential pests, but damaging levels are fairly rare.
Most cutworms attack young seedlings. They chew them off slightly below
or at the soil surface. A few species climb up on plants and feed on the
leaves. (Variegated cutworm, Peridroma
saucia, image source = http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/P/I-LP-PSAU-LV.014.html).
Two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) adults are
yellow to dark green with two to four black spots. Hot, dry weather conditions
favor infestations of two-spotted spider mite. They are found on the lower
surface of leaves. They feed on leaves of young and mature plants causing them
to drop during heavy infestations. Acaricide treatment is difficult and hardly
ever recommended. (Image source =http://creatures.ifas.ufl.edu/orn/twospotted_mite02.htm).
Onion thrips and western flower thrips (Thrips tabaci and Frankliniella occidentalis) attack dry beans. In general, thrips are small, slender, and with
or without fully developed wings. Thrips have rasping mouthparts. They rasp the
tissue and consume the sap, causing stunting and deformation of the plants.
Thrips mostly attack young plants but may attack developed plants. Infestations
and yield losses from onion thrips are negligible. Western flower thrips are
yellow with dark bands on the abdomen (adult). They attack flowers and cause
flower and pod drop. Number of pods per plant can be reduced if five western
flower thrips per blossom are found. (Thrips
tabaci, image source = http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/hortcrops/english/thrips.html).
Wireworms (Elateridae) can grow to an inch or more in length. The larvae
are yellowish with hard bodies. Wireworms attack seedling by tunneling in the
seed then feeding on roots and later may feed on the hypocotyl. Infected spots
in the field show areas with reduced stands. Seedling plants attacked by
wireworms become wilted and stunted. Wireworms cause little damage to dry beans
because beans are planted during late May to late July when temperatures are
favorable for rapid seed germination and plant establishment. (Image source = http://www.uky.edu/Agriculture/Entomology/entfacts/fldcrops/ef120.htm).
For year 2002, 30% of the total dry beans were treated with
various insecticides, indicating insect pest control is a relatively minor
practice in comparison with weed control. Two insecticides (ingredients) were
applied in the control of 3major insect pests
in dry beans. The following table lists the insecticides used and major insect
pests controlled in year 2002.
Insecticides and
Targeted Insect Pests
| Insecticide (Ingredients) | Insect Pests Targeted |
| Acephate | Thrips, Western Bean Cutworm |
| Phorate | Grasshoppers, Thrips |
Insecticide Usage Survey on Dry Bean
|
Insecticide (Ingredient) |
Trade Name |
Mode of Actionb | Acres Treated | Percent Treated* | Rate (lb. a.i./a) |
| Acephate | Orthene | CI | 1787 | 92.73 | 1.21 |
| Phorate | Thimet 15G, Thimet 20G | CI | 140 | 7.27 | # |
#: No data reported.
*: Percent Treated = (acreage treated with a given insecticide / the total acreage treated (1927 acres)) * 100.
Fungal Diseases
Rust, caused by the fungus Uromyces appendiculatus, is one of the
most important diseases affecting dry bean production. Although the disease can
be found annually in Kansas, epidemics occur only sporadically. Temperatures
between 60 and 85oF and prolonged exposure of leaf surface to
wetness from mid-July through August favor rust development. Initial symptoms
of rust infection are the development of small, yellow or pale, slightly raised
lesions on either side of the leaf. The lesions enlarge and form
cinnamon-colored pustules that contain numerous spores that are responsible for
the secondary spread of the disease. Severely infected leaves curl upwards and
dry out prior to dropping from the plant. A severely infected field will appear
scorched from a distance. Pod set and seed size can be reduced if early
infection is severe. The fungus can overwinter on crop debris. (Image source = http://plantpath.unl.edu/peartree/homer/disease.skp/Hort/Bean/DrBeRst.html).
White mold, caused by the fungus
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is an
important disease affecting dry bean production. The fungus can overwinter in
the soil as sclerotia for many years. Symptoms appear on stems, leaves and pods
following bloom. Soft, watery, irregular-shaped areas first occur on stems just
above the soil surface, then on leaves and pods. These spots rapidly enlarge
and, in a short time, dense, white, cottony masses of mycelia cover the
infected spot. Small, hard, black sclerotia form in and on the affected plant
parts. Stems become bleached and shredded. Severe infection under cool, wet
weather conditions late in the growing season may cause significant yield
reduction. (Image source = http://www.ianr.unl.edu/pubs/plantdisease/g1103.htm).
Management:
Root rots may cause occasional
damage to dry beans in Kansas. Pathogens live for several years on decomposed
organic matter in the soil and attack the plants when soil and weather
conditions are favorable. (Image source = http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/crops/02938.html).
Fusarium root rot or dry rot, caused by Fusarium solani f sp. phaseoli,
rarely kills infected plants. Infected roots will have reddish- brown spots
or streaks on the hypocotyl and the primary root two to three weeks after
emergence. Later, the entire taproot may become discolored and roots become
hollow and dry. The pith area of the tap root is often bright red. Lateral
roots are often destroyed and secondary roots may form near the soil surface,
above the area of infection. Above ground, plants are usually stunted and
yellow, similar to drought or nitrogen deficiency. Under moderate to severe
infection, pod fill is reduced. (Image source =http://vegdis.cas.psu.edu/VegDiseases/identification/befdrr.html).
Rhizoctonia root rot and damping-off is
caused by Rhizoctonia solani.
Preemergence damping-off may occur on scattered plants or in distinct areas of
the field. Initial symptoms appear on the roots or hypocotyl shortly after
emergence as sunken, linear-to-circular, reddish-brown spots with a brown to
reddish margin. (image source =http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/crops/02938.html).
Pythium damping off is caused by
various Pythium species. The disease
may cause rot of the seed before germination, but typically it infects newly
emerged plants. Initial symptoms include elongated, water soaked areas on the
hypocotyl and roots. The outer stem tissue may first become slimy, and then
turn tan to brown in color. (Image source =http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/crops/02938.html).
Management:
Three bacterial blight diseases commonly occur in Kansas. Bacterial blights can overwinter on crop debris and volunteer seed left in the field. When temperature and moisture conditions are favorable, infection will occur. Infection is frequently spread by splashing rain, especially when accompanied by high winds.
Common blight is caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli. Temperatures above 80o F
favor common bacterial blight infections. Initial symptoms include water-soaked
spots on the leaves. These spots rapidly coalesce, resulting in large areas of
dried out tissue on the leaves. Severely infected leaves typically drop from
the plant. Infected pods develop circular, water-soaked spots that produce
yellow masses of bacterial ooze. Later, the pod lesions dry and appear as
reddish brown spots. Infected pods become discolored, shriveled, and
contaminated seeds are discolored. (Image source = http://plantpath.unl.edu/peartree/homer/disease.skp/agron/drybeans/BeCmnBlt.html).
Halo blight, is caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. Phaseolicola Unlike common blight, cool
temperatures favor halo blight. Symptoms include small, water-soaked spots on
the underside of diseased leaves that turn reddish brown. The surrounding
tissue forms a large yellow-green halo around the lesions. Spots rapidly
enlarge and coalesce to form large, brown, dead areas on leaves that eventually
cause defoliation. Severe infection can cause yellowing and death of new
foliage. Symptoms on stems and pods resemble those of common blight, except
that any bacterial exudate that forms on the pods is creamy in color. (Image
source = http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/P/D-BN-PSYR-FO.001.html).
Brown Spot, caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae has symptoms similar to halo
blight. Dark brown necrotic spots of various sizes occur on diseased leaves,
but without the initial water-soaking symptoms common to other foliar diseases
caused by bacteria. The marginal halos surrounding the lesions are also absent.
Pod symptoms are brown spots and, frequently, a pod twisting at the point of
infection. (Image source = http://scarab.msu.montana.edu/HPIPMImage/Images/1122/sm/IMG0012.jpg).
Management:
| Fungicide (Ingredients) | Diseases Targeted |
| Copper oxychloride | Blight, Brown Spots |
| Copper Hydroxide | Blight, Brown Spots |
| NuCop | Blight, Brown Spots |
Next table lists the fungicide common names, modes of action, areas treated, percent treated, and average treated rate (lb/a).
Fungicide Usage on Dry Beans| Fungicide (Ingredient) | Trade Name | Mode of Action | Acres Treated | Percent Treated** | Rate (lb a.i./a) |
| Copper oxychloride | Copper oxychloride | MOAI* | 1060 | 52.11 | 1.65 |
| Copper Hydroxide | Champ 2 | MOAII* | 490 | 24.09 | 1.25 |
| Copper Hydroxide | NuCop | MOAII* | 484 | 23.80 | 1.25 |
MOAI*: Copper ions release from copper oxychloride act as a fungicide by denaturing proteins and enzymes within fungal spores. Spores actively accumulate copper and germination is inhibited, even at very low concentrations. MOAII*: Copper prevents spore production and inhibits mycelial growth of the fungus by inhibiting RNA synthesis.
**: Percent Treated = (acreage treated with a given fungicide / the total acreage treated (2034 acres)) * 100. E. g., up to 52% areas was treated with Copper.
Broadleaves:
Kochia (Kochia scoparia L.) (summer
cypress, fireweed, belvedere, mock cypress, Mexican firebush) is an early
summer germinating annual weed, native of Eurasia. Kochia is a highly branched
annual herb up to 2 m tall. The stems are yellowish green, green or streaked
with red. Both lower and upper leaves are linear. The stems and leaves are
often densely hairy. The greenish flowers are small and inconspicuous. The
fruit is bladderlike, containing one seed each. Flowering season is from July
to October. Seeds are the only source of reproduction. Found on rangeland,
pastures, fields and disturbed sites. Confirmed resistance to triazine and ALS
inhibiting herbicides. Refer to following links to learn more about this weed: http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/kochia.html,
http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/plant_profile.cgi?symbol=KOSC&photoID=kosc_001_avd.tif
and http://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weed_info/kochia.html.
(Image source = http://www.agf.gov.bc.ca/cropprot/weedguid/kochia.htm).
Russian thistle (Salsola iberica) (tumbleweed,
tumbling thistle) is a native of Europe. It is an annual, round, bushy,
much-branched plant growing up to 3.5 feet high. The branches are slender,
succulent when young, and woody when mature. The leaves alternate and are 1 to
2.5 inches long. These drop off and later leaves are short, stiff, spiny. The
flowers are small, inconspicuous, green-white or pink. Seeds are about 1/16
inch in diameter, the only source of
reproduction. Flowers can be seen from July to October in Kansas. Found on
small grain fields, cultivated dryland fields, and waste areas. Confirmed
resistance to triazine and ALS inhibiting herbicides. Refer to following link
to learn more about this weed: http://extension.usu.edu/rangeplants/forbs/russianthistle.htm.
As for the weed management please refer to link http://www.co.stevens.wa.us/weedboard/other%20weeds/russian_thistle.htm.
(Image source = http://www.naturesongs.com/vvplants/russianthistle.html).
Common
lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.)
(lambsquarters goosefoot, white
goosefoot) is a native of
Europe. It is a summer annual up to
3.5 feet in height capable of producing thousands of seeds. Leaves are
alternate, light green, rounded, triangular. Flowers are green,
inconspicuous, without petals. Flowering season is from
June to September. Seeds are the only source of reproduction. Found in
cultivated crop fields, gardens, pastures, vacant lots, waste ground, and other
disturbed areas. Can become a problem weed in no-till situations. Refer to
following link to learn more about this weed: http://www.ppws.vt.edu/scott/weed_id/cheal.htm.(Chenopodium
album, image source = http://www.cloudnet.com/~djeans/FlwPlant/Lambs-quarter.htm)
Pigweed Family:
Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) and redroot
(Amaranthus retroflexus L.) (rough pigweed, careless weed) are
native weeds. Flowering season is from June to October. Seeds are the source of
reproduction. Found in cultivated and fallow fields, gardens, waste ground, and
roadsides. Palmer amaranth leaf and stem surfaces are smoother with few or no
hairs than redroot pigweed. It is an
erect summer annual that may reach 6.5 feet in height, it closely resembles
many other pigweed species. Leaves are alternate, without hairs (glabrous), and
lance-shaped or egg-shaped in outline, with prominent white veins on the
undersurface. Leaves occur on relatively long petioles. Refer to
following link to learn more about this weed: http://www.ppws.vt.edu/scott/weed_id/amapa.htm.
(Amaranthus palmeri, image source = http://www.ppws.vt.edu/scott/weed_id/amapa.htm).
Waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) (common
waterhemp) is a native weed. Waterhemp stems and leaves are hairless with
narrower leaves than Redroot pigweed or Palmer amaranth. Leaves are
longer and narrower than those of redroot pigweed. Flowering season is from
June to October. Seeds are the only source of reproduction. Found in cultivated
fields, roadsides, marshes, sandbars, riverbanks, and waste places. Confirmed
resistance to triazine and ALS inhibiting herbicides. Refer to following link
to learn more about this weed http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/plant_profile.cgi?symbol=AMRU.
As to this weed management please refer to link http://muextension.missouri.edu/explorepdf/agguides/crops/G04871.pdf.
(Image source = http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/plant_profile.cgi?symbol=AMRU).
Redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) (rough
pigweed, careless weed) is a native
weed. Leaves alternate and are ovate in outline.A single seeded utricle can reach 2 mm in length and are wrinkled
when dry. Each utricle splits open in the middle to expose a single
glossy black to dark brown seed. Flowering season is from July to October.
Seeds are the only source of reproduction. Redroot pigweed stems and leaves are
covered with fine pubescence. Confirmed resistance to triazine herbicides.
Found in cultivated and fallow fields, gardens, waste ground, and roadsides.
Refer to following link to learn more about this weed http://www.ppws.vt.edu/scott/weed_id/amare.htm.
(Image source = http://www.nwr.mcnary.wa.us/plant18.html).
Buffalobur (Solanum rostratum) (Kansas thistle) is a native weed. 
Leaves alternate and
are egg-shaped in outline and leaf venation is very prominent. Stems are erect
or spreading, up to 2 ft tall. Flowers are bright yellow in color, 5-parted,
and approximately 1 inch wide. Berry fruit is about 8 to 12 mm in diameter.
Flowering season is from May to October. Seeds are the only source of
reproduction. Survive in all types of soil, although it is more abundant in
sandy soils. Commonly found in corrals, feedlots, overgrazed pastures,
roadsides, and waste areas. Refer to following links to learn more about this
weed http://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weed_info/buffalobur.html
and http://www.ppws.vt.edu/scott/weed_id/solro.htm.
As to the weed management please refer to the link http://www.co.stevens.wa.us/weedboard/htm_weed/bb.htm.http://www.wa.gov/agr/weedboard/weed_info/buffalobur.html).
Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) (field
thistle) is a native of Eurasia and North Africa. Cirsium arvense is
a perennial thistle up to 1.5 meters tall. It is notorious by its creeping
horizontal lateral roots, which produce dense patches of shoots. The sessile
and prickly leaves are dark green. The heads of purple to white flowers are 1
to 2.5 cm long and one-third to one-fourth as wide. Flowering season is from
June to August. Seeds and rhizomes are the source of reproduction. Found on
cropland, ditch banks, roadsides, mud flats, stream and lake bank, and in moist
soils. As for this weed management please refer to link http://www.agric.gov.ab.ca/pests/weeds/64010010.html.
Refer to following link to learn more about this weed http://www.wildflowers-and-weeds.com/weedsinfo/Cirsium_arvense.htm.
(Image source =http://www.agf.gov.bc.ca/cropprot/weedguid/canthist.htm).
Common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.) is
a native weed. It isa summer annual
that produces a conspicuous prickly 'cocklebur' and ranges from 0.5 to 6.5 feet
in height. Common cocklebur is found throughout the United States and is
primarily a weed of agronomic and horticultural crops, nurseries. The stem is purple at the base and often green in the upper
portion. The first true leaves are opposite, while all subsequent leaves
are alternate.Flowering season is from July to
September. Seeds are the only source of reproduction. Common cocklebur is
especially abundant in areas where retreating water has exposed previously
submerged land. Confirmed resistance to ALS inhibiting herbicides. Refer to
following links to learn more about this weed http://www.ppws.vt.edu/scott/weed_id/xanst.htm.
(Image source = http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/xantstru.html).
Field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.) (Creeping
Jenny) is a native of Eurasia. Leaves are arrow-shaped and are arranged
alternately on the stems. Flowers are white to pink, funnel-shaped and up to 3
cm in diameter. They have a long flower stalk. Flowers open in sunlight and
close in shade. Flowering season is from June to September. Seeds, spreading
roots and rhizomes are the source of reproduction. Found on both cultivated and
uncultivated land. It is most common in small grain and summer crop fields. It
also can be found in waste places, gardens, and roadsides. Refer to following
links to learn more about this weed http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/plant_profile.cgi?symbol=COAR4.
(Image source = http://www.missouriplants.com/Whitealt/Convolvulus_arvensis_page.html).
Jimsonweed (Datura stramonium L.) (moonflower,
thornapple) is a native weed. It is
an annual herbaceous plant,
sometimes getting much taller in rich soil. The plant is generally irregularly
branched and resembles a shrub. The leaves are alternate, with foul smelling.
The flowers have 5 Regular Parts and are up to 15cm long. They are white
sometimes violet. The long delicate trumpet shaped flowers are attractive and
fragrant. They open in the evening to attract nocturnal insects. Flowering
season continues from July to September. Seeds are the only source of
reproduction. Found on cultivated fields, old feed lots and corrals, waste
areas, gardens, and pastures. Refer to following links to learn more about this
weed http://2bnthewild.com/plants/H266.htm.
(Image source = http://www.erowid.org/plants/show_image.php?image=datura/datura_stramonium9.jpg).
Knotweed (Polygonum arenastrum) (doorweed,
matweed) is a native weed. Flowering season is from June to October. Seeds
are the only source of reproduction. It appears common in lawn. The achene is about 2 to 3 millimeters, at maturity two
sides are convex. The plant is a common weed of many habitats, abundant in
disturbed places, often on the borders of marshes and ponds. Refer to
following links to learn more about this weed http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/plant_profile.cgi?symbol=POAR11.
(Image source = http://www.bioimages.org.uk/HTML/P161224.HTM).
Eastern Black Nightshade (Solanum ptycanthum) is a native weed. It
is an erect summer annual.
Eastern black nightshade is primarily a weed of agronomic crops, pastures, and
hay fields. Leaves are alternate and ovate. Young leaves remain purple- or
maroon-tinted on the undersurface. Flower has Star-shaped, white or
purple-tinged, in umbel-like clusters. Berry fruit is about 5 to 12 mm in
diameter, green when immature, turning purplish-black at maturity. Flowering season is from May
to October. Seeds are the only source of reproduction. Found in roadsides, open
woodland, stream banks, cultivated fields, gardens row crops, and waste places.
Refer to following link to learn more about this weed http://www.ppws.vt.edu/scott/weed_id/solpt.htm.
(image source = http://www.botany.wisc.edu/wisflora/bigphoto/SOLPTY_EJJ.jpg).
Purslane (Portulaca oleracea) is native of Eurasia. It is a common annual
weed in Suriname; it can grow up to a height of 20 inches. The stems are
reddish and the fleshy succulent leaves alternate, while the small flowers are
yellow and growing in clusters. Purslane is used as a vegetable in Europe and
Asia. Purslane has also medicinal applications. Flowering season is from May to
November. Seeds and stem fragments are the source of reproduction. Found in
gardens, flower beds, lawns, orchards, and cultivated lands. It is most
persistent in soils that remain moist most of the time. Refer to following link
to learn more about this weed http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/plant_profile.cgi?symbol=POOL.
(Image source = http://www.mobot.org/gardeninghelp/plantfinder/codea/A759.shtml).
Common sunflower (Helianthus annuus) (annual sunflower) is a native weed.
It
is an annual herbaceous plant, which is able to reach a height of 3 Meters. The
stalk is hairy. The leaves are alternate and opposite on the lower stalk. Each
cordate leaf is irregularly toothed. The flowers are yellow and have numerous
parts. Blooms first appear in early summer and continue into early fall.
Cultivated plants often have extremely large disk flowers exceeding 30cm wide.
Fruits have dark achenes with white stripes. Seeds are the only source of
reproduction. Found in cultivated fields, pastures, gardens, roadsides, waste
ground, and disturbed sites. Confirmed resistance to ALS inhibiting herbicides.
Refer to following links to learn more about this weed http://2bnthewild.com/plants/H285.htm and http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/plant_profile.cgi?symbol=HEAN3.
(Image source = http://www.plantfacts.com/Family/Asteraceae/Helianthus.annuus.shtml).
Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) (Indian
mallow, butter print, elephant ear, buttonweed) originated from India. It
is an annual tap-rooted weed in the Mallow Family. Entire plant is covered with short, soft, velvety hairs. Leaves
are heart-shaped. Velvetleaf has yellow to yellow-orange flowers. Flowering season is from July to October.
Seeds are the only source of reproduction. Found in summer crop fields such as
sorghum, corn, and soybeans. It can be also found in waste places, roadsides,
and fence rows. Refer to following link to learn more about this weed http://www.ppws.vt.edu/scott/weed_id/abuth.htm.
(Image source: http://www.ppws.vt.edu/~sforza/weeds/abuth.html).
Grasses:
Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crusgalli) (cockspur,
watergrass) is originally from Europe. It is an annual weed growing up to
1.5 meters tall; stems usually flattened in cross-section at the base; smooth
leaves often purplish at the base. Flowers can produce over 1 million seeds.
This weed could remove as much as 80 percent of nitrogen from the soil. Seeds
are the only source of reproduction. It flourishes in warm conditions. It is
common particularly in moist areas high in fertility, such as irrigated fields
and old feedlots. Can become a problem weed in no-till situations. Refer to
following link to learn more about this weed http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/plant_profile.cgi?symbol=ECCR.
(Image source = http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/E/W-GM-ECRU-SG.003.html).
Foxtails, including giant (Setaria faberi ) (giant bristlegrass, Chinese foxtail, Chinese millet, nodding foxtail) native
of Asia; green (Setaria viridis L.) (green
bristlegrass, pigeongrass, wild millet) native of Eurasia; yellow (Setaria glauca L.) ( yellow bristlegrass, pigeongrass, wild
millet); and bristly foxtail (Setaria
verticillata) native of Europe. Seeds are the only source of
reproduction. Common on cultivated grounds, waste places, roadsides and
degraded rangeland and pastures. Foxtails are summer annual grasses and are
common in Kansas. Mature foxtail plants are 1 to 3 feet tall. Flower heads are
dense spikes with yellow to reddish bristles or green to purplish bristles,
depending on species. Learn more about species Setaria faberi please refer to following linkhttp://www.ppws.vt.edu/scott/weed_id/setfa.htm.(Green
foxtail, image source = http://www.agron.iastate.edu/~weeds/Ag317-99/id/WeedID/Ffox.html
Longspine sandbur (Cenchrus longispinus) (field
sandbur, burgrass) is a native weed. Seeds are the only source of
reproduction. Flourish in warm conditions. It is common in roads, waste places,
cultivated fields, lawns, and rangeland in poor condition. It can grow well on
sandy soils, but also found on heavier soils. Longspine sandbur is an
annual grass and its leaves are rolled in the shoot. Refer to
following link to learn more about this weed http://www.ppws.vt.edu/scott/weed_id/cchpa.htm.
(Image source =http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/401/Magnoliophyta/Liliopsida/Commelinidae/Poaceae/Cenchrus/Cenchrus_longispinus_DW.html
Shattercane
(Sorghum bicolor) (Black amber, chicken corn, wild cane) is
a native of Africa. Seeds are the
only source of reproduction. Flourish in warm conditions. Found in cultivated
fields of corn, grain sorghum, and soybeans. Shattercane may grow to a height
of 12 feet. However, short-statured shattercane has also been found in fields.
As plants mature, the open-panicle seed heads tend to droop. A single head may
produce up to 2,000 seeds. Head types vary considerably, reflecting the genetic
diversity of shattercane. Seeds vary in color, usually covered with glumes.
These glumes protect them from rotting in the soil. Refer to following link to
learn more about this weed http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/plant_profile.cgi?symbol=SOBI2.
(Image source = http://www.weedscience.org/Case/Case.asp?ResistID=474).
Downy brome (Bromus tectorum) (wild oats,
cheatgrass, military grass) is native of Europe. It is a summer or winter annual weed with densely hairy
leaves and sheaths and drooping seedheads when mature. Downy brome is
primarily a weed of landscapes, fencerows, pastures, hay fields, and
occasionally winter small grain crops. The densely hairy leaves and
sheaths and drooping seedheads are all characteristics that help to identify
this weed. It is only a problem prior to planting in no-till.
Seeds are the only source of reproduction. Commonly found on rangeland, fields,
disturbed sites, roadsides, and waste area. Refer to following links to learn
more about this weed http://eesc.orst.edu/AgComWebFile/EdMat/PNW474.pdf
and http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/plant_profile.cgi?symbol=BRTE.
(Image source = http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/photos/brote05.jpg).
Weed Managements
Successful weed control for dry bean production may require
integration of all possible approaches including cultural practices and
herbicide application. It is important to carefully plan a program to
coordinate crop rotation, cultural practices, and herbicide application in weed
management.
Cultural techniques can suppress weed growth. Preplant:
Normal seedbed preparation may temporarily control many annual weeds by leaving
dry soil on the surface. Postplant: After plants are established,
cultivation with sweeps, knives, or rolling cultivators can significantly limit
the growth of weeds that may have escaped from earlier cultural or chemical
control approaches.
Preplant herbicides should be combined with cultural methods
to achieve desired weed control. Weeds that escape control by preplant
herbicides may sometimes be effectively controlled by a postplant treatment.
Most preplant herbicides are applied to the soil surface and mixed into the
soil before the crop is planted; these are called preplant incorporated
herbicides and require soil moisture for best performance. Learn more
information about weed management in dry beans please refer to link http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/r52700111.html.
Year 2002 weed management
Even though several weed species compete for resources with
dry beans, only a few weed species were listed as the primary target weeds for
control with herbicides by growers/farmers. For the year 2002, areas treated
with various herbicides were approximately 198% of total dry bean planting
areas, indicating many fields were treated with more than one herbicide.
Therefore weed control is one of the important practices for dry bean
production in Kansas. The survey shows seven herbicides (ingredients) were
applied for the control of 16 different weeds in Kansas dry bean production.
The following table lists the herbicides applied and weeds targets for control.
Herbicides and
Targeted Weeds
|
Herbicide (Ingredients) |
Weeds Targeted |
| Alachlor | Barnyardgrass |
| Dimethenamid | Barnyardgrass, Foxtails, Kochia, Palmer Amaranth, Pigweed, Russian Thistle, Waterhemp |
| EPTC | Barnyardgrass, Cocklebur, East Black Nightshade, Foxtails, Kochia, Longspine Sandbur, Pigweed, Russian Thistle, Velvetleaf |
| Ethalfluralin | Barnyardgrass, Field Bindweed, Cocklebur, Eastern Black Nightshade, Foxtails, Kochia, Lambsquarter, Longspine Sandbur, Palmer Amaranth, Pigweed, Russian Thistle, Shattercane, Waterhemp |
| Pendimethalin | Barnyardgrass, Kochia, Pigweed, Russian Thistle, Others |
| S-Metolachlor | Eastern Black Nightshade, Foxtails, Kochia, Palmer Amaranth, Pigweed, Russian Thistle, Shattercane |
| Trifluralin | Barnyardgrass, Cocklebur, Downy Brome, Eastern Black Nightshade, Foxtails, Kochia, Pigweed, Velvetleaf |
The next two tables display the herbicide trade names, modes of action, acres treated, percentage of area treated, and rate. Table ‘Herbicide Usage on Dry beans at Different Stage’ details the herbicides and amount used at different stages in terms of plant growth.Overall, weed control is one of the important practices in dry bean production in Kansas.
Herbicide Usage Survey on Dry Beans| Herbicide (Ingredient) | Trade Name | Mode of Actionb | Acres Treated | Percent Treated* | Rate (lb
a.i./a) |
| Alachlor | Partner 65 WDG | SI | 60 | 0.5 | 0.52 |
| Dimethenamid | Frontier 6.0 | SI | 1380 | 11.8 | 0.47 |
| EPTC | Eptam | SI | 1556 | 13.3 | 2.60 |
| Ethalfluralin | Sonalan | RI | 4308 | 36.8 | 0.86 |
| Pendimethalin | Prowl | RI | 1144 | 9.8 | 0.94 |
| S-Metolachlor | Dual | SI | 2351 | 20.1 | 0.97 |
| Trifluralin | Treflan | RI | 900 | 7.7 | 1.21 |
Herbicide Usage on Dry beans at Different Stages
| Herbicide (Ingredient) | Preplant (lb a.i./a) | Preemergence (lb a.i./a) | Postemergence (lb a.i./a) | Directed Postemergence (lb a.i./a) |
| Alachlor | 0.52 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Dimethenamid | 0.47 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| EPTC | 2.85 | 0 | 0.86 | 0 |
| Ethalfluralin | 0.92 | 0.59 | 0.79 | 0 |
| Pendimethalin | 0 | 0.94 | 0 | 0 |
| S-Metolachlor | 0 | 0.97 | 0 | 0 |
| Trifluralin | 1.21 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Application methods may very with target pests and crops. Table ‘Pesticide Application Methods’ lists the all possible methods used in dry bean pest control.
Pesticide Application Methods| Control Method | Weed (%) | Insect (%) | Disease (%) |
| Broadcast, ground without incorporation | 25.5 | 3.0 | 8.9 |
| Broadcast, ground with incorporation | 54.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Broadcast, by air (Aerial application) | 0.0 | 97.0 | 43.6 |
| Spot Treatment | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| In irrigation | 8.7 | 0.0 | 47.5 |
| Banded in or over row | 1.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Foliar or directed spray | 9.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| In seed furrow | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| chisel/injected or knifed in | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Non-chemical (cultural) control is one of the approaches for pest control in dry bean production in Kansas. The following table ‘Cultural Control Approaches’ lists 12 different cultural approaches used by farmers/growers to control pests (weeds, insects, and diseases).
Cultural Control Approaches?
| Non-chemical control approaches | Practice Case | Rate1 (%)* | Rate2 (%)** |
| Releasing any beneficial organisms | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Mowing, burning, or tilling around the fields | 2 | 5.6 | 1.9 |
| Cultivating during growing season | 19 | 52.8 | 17.6 |
| Adjusting planting/harvesting dates | 5 | 13.9 | 4.6 |
| Alternating chemical usage to minimize resistance | 7 | 19.4 | 6.5 |
| Rotating crops planted | 20 | 55.6 | 18.5 |
| Utilizing and water management practices | 13 | 36.1 | 12.0 |
| Cleaning field equipment between uses | 8 | 22.2 | 7.4 |
| Utilizing treated seed | 15 | 41.7 | 13.9 |
| Utilizing soil analysis | 15 | 41.7 | 13.9 |
| Adjusting row spacing or plant density | 4 | 11.1 | 3.7 |
| Others | 0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
? Unspecified targeted pests (weeds, insect pests, or diseases) in this survey.
* The proportion of growers (among the 120 sampled growers) who adopted a given cultural approach to pest control. e. g, 55.6% farmers used the ‘rotating crops planted’ approach to control pests.
** The likelihood of a given cultural approach was used by farmers for pest control in dry bean production. e. g., there is 18.5% chance that the approach ‘rotating crops planted’ was used by farmers to control various pest. Please note that one farmer may use more than one approach in pest control.
Kansas State University:
Fengyou Jia, Crop Profile Coordinator
(785) 532-5588
jia@ksu.edu
Sonny Ramaswamy, Crop Profile Project Leader
(785) 532-6154
sonny@ksu.edu
Jeff Whitworth, Extension Entomologist
jwhitwor@oznet.ksu.edu
Curtis Thompson, Extension Specialist, Crops and Soils, Southwest
Area
cthompso@oznet.ksu.edu
Dallas E. Peterson, Extension Weed Science
dpeterso@oznet.ksu.edu
Doug Jardine, Extension State Leader, Plant Pathology
jardine@oznet.ksu.edu
Eldon J. Thiessen, State Statistician, Division of Statistics,
Kansas Department of Agriculture
nass-ks@nass.usda.gov