Crop Profile for Strawberries in Tennessee

Prepared: December, 2003

General Production Information

In 2002, Tennessee was not ranked in national fresh market strawberry production (1), however produced approximately 800 acres during 2003.
Total production in 2003 was estimated as having a market value of $10,000,000.
Acreage in the last 3 years had been on a slow upward trend, increasing from 700 acres in 1999 to 800 acres in 2003.
The top 5 counties in acreage as of 2002 were Unicoi, Washington, Rhea, Hawkins and Bledsoe.
Harvest from traditional matted-row and plasticulture producers typically begins during the third week of April to second week of June and matted-row begins the second week of May and extends through the mid-June. However, use of plastic mulch and/or row covers may advance harvest by 1 to 2 weeks.

Strawberry Production in Tennessee

Matted-row production in Tennessee consists of 400-450 acres. Establishment cost of a matted-row system is approximately $1,500 per acre and if fumigation is used, production cost is increased by $1,200 per acre. Annual production costs range from $1500 - $3000 per year. Fields may be replanted every 3^rd to 4^th year, however rotation is recommended. Net returns of $5,000-6,000 per acre per year are normal for 3 years only in a matted-row production system. Varieties most commonly used in matted-row systems include, Early Glow, Allstar, Delmarvel, and Cardinal.

Plasticulture acreage during 2003 was approximately 350-400 acres. &nsp;Establishment cost per acre varies around $5,000 - 6,000 and production costs vary from $10,000 - 12,000 per acre. Annual gross returns in plasticulture strawberry production vary from $20,000 - $30,000 per acre depending on growing conditions and management practices used. Yield obtained from an acre varied from 15,000 - 16,000 quarts of berries in 2003. Average price received was $2.00 per quart with prices ranging from $1.50 - 3.00 per quart throughout the season. The variety “Chandler” is most commonly grown in plasticulture production systems.

Production Regions:

Strawberry production is scattered across the state of Tennessee. In East and Middle Tennessee, tobacco and row crop growers have been looking for new ways to supplement farm income due to the uncertainty and changes that have been occurring in tobacco production. Strawberry production has filled this void for some growers and using annual plasticulture systems can be a very lucrative. However, frequent or heavy rainfall and/or extremely cold temperatures during bloom can drastically reduce yields of strawberries.

Cultural Practices

There are two types of production methods or systems utilized in Tennessee. These systems are known as the matted-row system and annual plasticulture. Matted-row systems are the predominate production methods used by growers. However, growers are slowly adapting and utilizing the annual plasticulture system. By utilizing the plasticulture production, growers often observe less pest pressure from insects, diseases, and weeds, after plant establishment

Methyl bromide fumigation is recommended in Tennessee. Production costs increase by $500 - $1,200 per acre and is dependent on method of fumigation used.

The majority of strawberries grown in Tennessee are produced in matted-row production system. This system is so- named because plants are allowed to runner freely within a certain row width to produce solid beds (or mats) of plants. Dormant plants are planted in mid-Spring, and are not harvested until the following year. Bearing plantings are renovated each year in July, after harvest. This consists of an herbicide application, narrowing the rows, removing foliage, and then allowing runner plants to fill in the rows again. The most commonly grown cultivars in matted-row systems in Tennessee are Early Glow, Allstar, Delmarvel, and Cardinal. Plantings are normally maintained for 3 – 4 years, and rarely are maintained to 5 years before rotation or replanting occurs.

Annual plasticulture systems use fumigation, plastic-mulched raised beds, trickle irrigation and have high plant densities. Plug plants are planted in late August to late September and harvested the following spring. Production is dependent on branch crown formation on the mother plant. Row middles may be seeded with annual ryegrass to help reduce erosion and suppress other weed species. Growers may hold their plantings over for a 2nd and sometimes 3rd year, however due to potential disease problems, this is rare in Tennessee. Runners are removed each year if growers select to continue into a 2^nd or 3^rd year of production. Decreased competition with weeds, less time to production, less insect, disease pressure and an earlier harvest season are the reasons most commonly given for using annual plasticulture. Higher yields and returns per acre are generally received using this production system and‘Chandler’ is the cultivar most commonly grown. The plastic used in the plasticulture system is often reused to produce subsequent crops such as, pumpkins, squash, tomatoes and sweet corn.

Worker Activities

Prior to Planting

In matted-row systems, methyl bromide with chloropicrin may be applied in the fall prior to planting to aid in control of soil inhabiting insects, weed seeds and soil born disease causing organisms.
In plasticulture systems, soil is cultivated, bedded and covered with plastic and irrigation drip tape is installed at the same time while a fumigant is injected into the soil. This normally done 2 – 3 weeks prior to planting.

Planting / setting – matted-row or plasticulture

The majority of strawberry transplants are bare-root dormant plants that are planted by hand in the fall (late August). Growers are slowly adapting and utilizing mechanical transplanters. Utilizing mechanical transplanters (tobacco setters), reduces handling time in which workers directly contact transplants. Workers may re-enter the field with in 1-2 weeks of transplanting to replace dead, missing or unthrifty plants. Workers generally do not re-enter the field unless they are installing row covers in November and removal in early March or until picking begins. Occasionally, workers, farm managers and/or owners may inspect the field weekly or every two weeks to observe the crops performance.
In matted-row systems after setting, carbaryl or chlorpyrifos may be applied to aid in control of the strawberry crown borer.
Plastic culture systems utilize plug plants and are set by hand or by using a waterwheel setter.

Cleaning rows

In late February, rows may be cleaned using hydraulic brush or by hand and broom.

Pre-bloom (matted-row or plasticulture)

Pesticide applications including insecticides and/or fungicides begin in March during the first warm period.
Pre-emergent herbicides may be applied at this time. Generally, pre-emergent herbicides are not applied between bloom and harvest.
Weeds in row middles may be plowed or chemically controlled.
Occasionally workers may hand-hoe areas with heavy weed infestations prior to or 3-4 days after herbicide application.
In systems using irrigation, lines may be checked for functionality.
In matted-row systems, spring applications begin in late March to early April. Insecticides are applied at 10-14 day intervals until pests are controlled.

Bloom (usually at 5-10% bloom until most petals have fallen, in both matted-row and plasticulture systems)

Insecticides are generally not sprayed at this time to eliminate the possibility of harming honey bees. Fungicides may be sprayed at this time if conditions or pest pressure are present.

Post-bloom through harvest

Insecticides and fungicides are applied as needed during this time and harvest restrictions are strictly followed.
Post-emergent herbicides may be applied at this time for control of annual and perennial grasses. Herbicides may be used to control weeds in row middles.

Harvest

All strawberry systems are harvested by hand in April to early June.Picking may be conducted by workers and/or the general public at U-PICK or farmer market farms.

Post-harvest for matted row only

Insecticide applications are generally made every 10-14 days as needed to control pests. Materials to control leaf spots, anthracnose and powdery mildew may be used during this time on a similar spray schedule, if conditions and/or presents of the diseases warrant their application.

Irrigation

Drip irrigation is applied to < 5% of the matted-row system acreage and approximately 95% of all plasticulture systems. Drip lines are installed two to three weeks prior to setting during plastic installation at fumigation. Workers occasionally enter the field to correct any plugged lines after setting. Drip irrigation systems contain injected fertilizers to promote plant growth and vigor.
Over-head irrigation is used to reduce damage that may be caused by early season frosts/freezes that may occur. Row covers may be substituted for overhead irrigation as well as used in conjunction with overhead irrigation
75% of the matted-row systems use overhead irrigation.

Insect Pests

Fumigants - usually non-selective killing agents that are commonly used in strawberry production. Methyl bromide is favored over other fumigants since it provides adequate control of multiple pests that may be encountered in strawberry production. Listed below are fumigants which are labeled for use in strawberry production.

1,3-Dichloropropene (Telone II) has a 5-day REI and a 21-day PHI listed on the label.This product is a restricted use pesticide. Applied at the rate of 27 – 35 gallons per acre or 265.88 – 344.66 lbs active ingredient per acre, if applied as a broadcast application. For shallow rooted plants such as strawberries the rate is normally reduced to 15-27 gallons or 147.71 – 265.88 lbs active ingredient per acre or if applied in a broadcast application and less if applied as a band application. This product has warning as the signal word. Depending on application technique, this product may not provide adequate control of yellow nutsedge.

1,3-Dichloropropene + chloropicrin (Telone C-17, C-35, In-Line) has a 5-day REI and 21-day PHI listed on the label. This product contains 8.6 lbs of 1,3-Dichloropropene and 1.75 lbs of chloropicrin per gallon. These products have danger listed as the signal word. May be applied as high as 32.4 – 42 gallons formulation per acre, if broadcasted. This product is normally applied at the rate of 35 gallons formulation per acre. These products may not provide adequate yellow nutsedge control. Control may be dependent on application technique used. Occasionally there have been some phytotoxicity issues raised from use of these products due to the longer time the active ingredients volatilize.

Metam Sodium (Vapam HL and 4.26) has a 48 hour REI and no PHI is listed on the label. Applied at the rate of 37.5 – 75 gallons per acre or 159.75 – 319.50 lbs active ingredient per acre. This product suppresses many weeds, insects and several disease causing organisms. Danger is listed as the signal word on the label. Inconsistent disease control has been observed with use of this product. This product is not very effective in controlling yellow nutsedge. This product has a longer replant time than methyl bromide.

Methyl bromide 67%, chloropicrin 33% (Bromo-gas) Brom-o-gas contains 14.3 lbs active ingredient per gallon of product. Rates vary depending on selected application technique. An average of 300 – 400 lbs per acre is normally applied in strawberry production. Danger is the signal word listed on this product.

Alternatives: Dazomet (Basamid) is not labeled at this time for strawberry production, but may be an effective alternative. Likely hood of this product being labeled in strawberry production is slim.

ARTHROPOD (INSECT AND MITE) PESTS ^(4,5)

Insect and mite populations vary from field to field and from year to year. Depending on productions systems (matted-row or plasticulture) chosen, pest populations may be variable. Generally, the matted-row system encounters more pests, since this system is a production system that continues over several years. Spider mite infestations are normally a more frequently occurring problem in plasticulture production systems.

Strawberry crown borer (Tyloderma fragariae)

The adult is a small snout beetle that is incapable of flight. This pest is spread normally by movement of infested plants. Treatments begin in the spring (April) when adults or numerous holes appear in the leaves. Clean non-infested plants rarely become infested with this pest unless transplants are located near areas that are infested or near wild strawberry plants that are infested.

Chemical control: In matted-row systems carbaryl applications may be made after setting or during spring sprays. Generally, two applications of carbaryl are made at weekly intervals starting when buds first appear in both matted-row or plasticulture production systems. Applications are not recommended at bloom. Chlorpyrifos application made pre-bloom for strawberry weevil control will aid in controlling strawberry crown borers. Carbaryl (Sevin) may injure Earlidawn or Sunrise varieties. Carbaryl, malathion or azinphos-methyl applications may be made at post-harvest, if tunneling damage to the crown by legless larvae is observed.
Alternatives: Fenamiphos (Nemacur) is labeled for nematode control, however if applied at setting, may provide fair control. This product is extremely costly. It is a RUP and has danger as the signal word. Azadirachtin (Aza-Direct) provides fair control however is expensive.
Cultural Control: inspect plants prior to transplant and use only clean non-infested plants. If fields are intended for production in the following season, scout fields after harvest for damage caused by legless larvae and apply insecticides if warranted.

Strawberry leafroller (Ancylis comptana fragariae)

Strawberry leafrollers over-winter as larvae or pupae in folded leaves or leaf litter. Adult moths emerge in April and May and deposit translucent eggs, usually on the lower surface of strawberry leaves.A second and/or third generation may occur in late summer. Moths of the summer generations are often present from July through September. Infestations may develop in spring and early summer, but they may also build up after harvest. As larvae feed, they secrete silken threads to fold and tie strawberry leaflets together. Within these folded leaves, larvae feed on only the epidermis of each leaf, but entire leaflets usually turn brown. Heavy infestations reduce photosynthesis, therefore reducing yields.

Chemical control: products containing malathion, azinphos-methyl, or bifenthrin are used to control this pest. Applications are made in the spring prior to bloom and post-bloom until harvest. These materials are applied at 10-14 day intervals until the insects are controlled. Malathion also aids in control of catfacing insects and whiteflies.
Alternatives: Azadirachtin (Aza-Direct) is expensive. Naled (Dibrom) is another alternative and provides good control, however difficult to obtain product.
Cultural control: Renovation of perennial plantings. Utilizing annual plantings aids in control, since there should be less overwintering sites.
Biological control: Two parasites, Macrocentrus ancylivrous and Cremastes cookii, may kill a high percentage of strawberry leafroller larvae, especially during summer generations.

Strawberry rootworm (Paria fragariae)

The adults feed on the plants chiefly at night and are not commonly seen during the day. The larvae are white and are found in the soil. The adults spend the winter in ground litter or in other protected places and begin to become active in early May. The largest numbers of beetles occur between late May and early June. Eggs are laid during this period and developing larvae burrow into the ground, where they feed on the roots of strawberries and other related plants. They become pupae in the soil, and new adults emerge from mid-July through August and feed on foliage the rest of the season. The most severe damage is caused by the adult beetles, which eat holes in the leaves. When adults are abundant, leaves are riddled with holes giving the plants a ragged appearance. The larvae may destroy and tunnel into the root system. If heavy infestations by adults are observed, it is likely that high populations of larvae exist.

Chemical control: No insecticides currently include this pest on the label. Insecticides used for control of other strawberry pests are likely to control this pest as well.
Cultural control: This pest builds up in perennially grown strawberries, not those replanted yearly and grown on plastic mulch.

Strawberry weevil (clipper) (Anthonomus signatus)

The strawberry clipper, Anthonomus signatus, is also known as the strawberry weevil. Adults over-winter primarily in fence rows and wood lots (although a small portion of a population may remain in the strawberry field), then move to plants with developing fruit buds. The seasonal timing of strawberry flowering coincides with clipper movement from overwintering sites, so strawberries are ideal host plants for this insect. Adults feed on immature pollen by puncturing nearly mature blossom buds with their snouts. The female deposits a single egg inside the bud and girdles the bud, preventing it from opening and exposing the developing larva. The adult female then clips the stem so that the bud hangs down or falls to the ground. Larvae feed within the damaged bud for a period of 3 to 4 weeks; a new generation of adults emerges in late June and July. These weevils feed on the pollen of various flowers for a short time, but seek shelter in midsummer in preparation for overwintering. Weevils are a sporadic pest and are usually found around field margins.

Chemical control: Applications of bifenthrin, carbaryl, fenpropathrin and chlorpyrifos are made in the spring (March) to control this pest. If this pest was a problem the prior year, then insecticide applications should be made when buds emerge and a second application should be made just prior to bloom. If no damage was observed the previous year, insecticide applications should be made at the first sign of damage to flower buds. Chlorpyrifos may be made only as a pre-bloom application. No more than two applications may be made per season or applied within 21 days before harvest. Phytotoxicity may occur when applied to strawberries experiencing high temperatures and drought stress.
Alternatives: Azadirachtin (Aza-Direct) is expensive.
Cultural control: This is generally not a severe pest in annual plasticulture production systems.

Catfacing insects (plant bugs, stink bugs)
Lygus bugs (Lygus lineolaris, Lygus hesperus)
Stink bugs (brown: Euschistus servus, green: Acrosternum hilare)

Lygus bugs cause irregularly shaped or catface shaped fruit. Lygus bug nymphs may feed on a wide variety of plants including strawberries. They cause damage by puncturing individual seeds, causing the berry to stop developing. Punctured seeds are often confused with unfertilized or frost injured seeds. Adults over-winter in trash or under leaves of plants. Damage from feeding by nymphs may be slight to unusable fruit. Controlling young nymphs is the most effective form of control. Later-maturing varieties are more severely affected. Although several plant bugs (Lygus spp. and others) may be involved, the tarnished plant bug appears to be the chief culprit. Early infestations by tarnished plant bugs may result in blossom losses therefore reducing yield.

Chemical control: malathion, endoslufan (Thiodan / Phaser), fenpropathrin (Danitol) and bifenthrin (Brigade)
Alternatives: Methomyl (Lannate) and naled (Dibrom) are commonly used. Naled is difficult to find in retail markets.
Cultural controls: Reducing weeds in areas surrounding the field may aid in control these migrating pests.
Biological control: There are several predators and parasites of lygus bugs. Beauveria bassiana (BotaniGard ES and Mycotrol O) is a fungal pathogen of lygus bugs that is available commercially. These products are expensive.

Whitefringed beetle (Naupactus leucoloma)

Whitefringed beetles are becoming more noticeable pests of strawberries as well as many other plant species in Tennessee. The larval stage of the white-fringed beetle lives in the soil and is the stage responsible for damage to the roots. Low populations of white-fringed beetle larvae in the soil can cause significant damage to strawberries. The appearance of feeding damage on roots is varied, depending on the size of the larva (also referred to as a grub). Grubs often chew a shallow gouge or channel (1/8" to 1/2" wide) across the surface of the root. This injury will heal but may affect the size of the fruit. Depending on the size of the feeding hole, the damage is similar in appearance to feeding caused by wireworms or cucumber beetle larvae (small holes), or white grubs or cutworms (large holes). Aside from the deep scarring of the roots which affects quality, soilborne disease causing organisms may invade these holes and cause further damage and reduction of fruit size or death of the plant.

Adult whitefringed beetles begin emerging from the soil in mid-to late June. Peak adult emergence occurs in mid-July and adults are present all summer and into September, when numbers begin to decrease. All whitefringed beetle adults are female, and they (obviously) can lay eggs without mating. Females can lay over 1,000 eggs (depending on their food source) on the top of the soil or on crop debris. The eggs will hatch only when there is sufficient moisture. Eggs may stop hatching during dry periods and lay dormant until the next rainfall brings sufficient moisture. After hatch, first stage legless grubs dig down into the soil and begin feeding (grubs hatched in the fall may spend the winter in the soil without feeding. Eggs hatch anytime from June into late July and develop into grubs of sufficient size to damage plant roots before harvest. Grubs hatching later in the season will overwinter in the soil, and resume feeding and development the following growing season.

Chemical control: Products containing carbaryl (Sevin) or endosulfan (Thiodan / Phaser) are used to control the adult stage of this pest.
Cultural control: plasticulture production should have less pressure from this pest, since populations may buildup the following year. Proper renovation of matted-row systems will help reduce this pest.

Spittlebugs (Philaenus spumarius, P. leucophthalmus)

Feeding by spittlebug nymphs inhibits plant growth and cause plants to produce small irregularly shaped berries. A frothy mass of oozing secretions may be observed from feeding nymphs around bloom and if not controlled may persist until harvest.

Chemical control: Endosulfan (Thiodan / Phaser), malathion, azinphos-methyl (Guthion), fenpropathrin (Danitol) and bifenthrin (Brigade).
Alternatives: Naled (Dibrom) is difficult to obtain.
Cultural control: control weeds and mow weeds around field edges in early spring.

Aphids (Chaetosiphon fragaefolii and other genera)

Two kinds of aphids attack strawberries. One type of aphid feeds on the young foliage, stems, and crown of strawberry plants. Occasionally numbers are heavy enough to cause serious damage. Aphids are important as carriers of diseases, especially viruses. Both the larval and adult stages of lady beetles feed on aphids. Another type of aphid feeds on the roots of strawberry and is known as a root aphid, which is tended by ants. Root aphids also suck plant juices. It is important that infested plants should be immediately sprayed to reduce population build up and diseased plants removed and destroyed.

Overwintering eggs on branches and stems hatch in the spring to produce a wingless form known as the stem mother. The unfertilized stem mother gives birth to living young in great numbers. Several generations may occur in this fashion, but in due time some individuals will develop wings (alates) and migrate to another host. They may deposit eggs for the winter or, after a few generations, migrate back to the original host to lay eggs.

Aphids are sucking insects that feed by thrusting a long beak into the plant tissue. They withdraw great quantities of sap, some of which they excrete as "honeydew". The honeydew makes the plant sticky. A sooty mold often develops with the honeydew blackening stems and foliage. This fungus is not parasitic to the plant, but reduces the amount of photosynthetic area. Leaves of plants may be distorted by aphids feeding on the undersides. Succulent stems may wilt or growth may be arrested by colonies of aphids.

Chemical control: Endosulfan (Thiodan / Phaser), Malathion
Alternatives: Insecticidal soap (M-Pede), Neem, methomyl (Lannate), naled (Dibrom).
Cultural control: Frequent soil cultivation will help manage the ants that tend the aphids and thus aid in control of the root aphid.
Biological control: Beauveria bassiana (Mycotrol O) is expensive.

Two-spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae)

The two-spotted spider mite feeds on a broad range of hosts. In early spring in strawberry production, the adults feed on the underside of newly produced leaves and mild to heavy infestations may cause yellowed appearance of the upper leaf surface. Later the leaves may become brown and have a dried appearance. Generally, spider mite damage is most evident during hot dry weather and this is when populations increase.

Heavily infested plants become stunted or die and if fruit is produced are usually reduced in size and have a bronzed appearance. Spider mites may be spread through wind movement. Renovation may help suppress populations. Controlling weeds bordering the field in early spring may help keep populations from developing in these areas and reduce movement into the field in mid to late season. Frequent rains and cool weather both help minimize damage from spider mites. In warm seasons mites may build in the fall, overwinter, and continue to build populations in the spring. Predatory mite populations may also help keep populations low. Scouting fields can aid growers in determining when to spray for spider mites. Releasing biologicals such as Phytoseiulus persimilis may be effective. If predaceous mites such as Amblyseius fallacis are present, miticide applications usually are unnecessary.

Chemical control: Danitol, Kelthane, Agri-Mek, Brigade, Savey, Vendex, and Acarmite. Agri-Mek, Savey and Acarmite are expensive.
Alternatives: Insecticidal soap, naled (Dibrom), Neem, and propargite (OMite) may cause damage when temperatures exceed 75F.
Cultural control: use of overhead irrigation may aid in control.

Cyclamen mites (Steneotarsonemus pallidus)

Cyclamen mites are a primary problem in greenhouse plantings, however they may be found in the field plantings. Cyclamen mites are very tiny and a hand lens is usually needed to view these pests. They feed on young leaves in the crown area of the plant. Maturing leaves are usually stunted, crinkled and malformed. Heavy infestations may cause leaves to appear roughened and discolored. Leaf stems generally do not elongate and the plant takes on a characteristic of a flat appearance. During bloom, heavy infestations may cause flowers to wither and die. Infested fruits are generally smaller and may become cracked and have a bronzed color. Female mites may overwinter in crown areas of the plant. During warm weather, usually in April, females begin laying eggs on young leaves. Cool wet springs hinder reproduction and development of young.

Using transplants free of this pest is the major method of control. Scouting fields will aid in detection of this pest. Predatory mites such as Amblyseius fallacis may aid in control of this pest.

Chemical control: Kelthane. Spray coverage is important for control of cyclamen mites. If non-systemic products such as dicofol are used, they should be applied in a high water volume to ensure the product actually contacts small leaves. The use of pyrethroid insecticides (ex. Bifenthrin), especially more than one application per year, increases the likelihood of cyclamen mite problems. These products are toxic to beneficial mites and insects.
Alternatives: Insecticidal soap, or Neem. Neem products are expensive.
Cultural controls: Beneficial mites, such as Amblyseius and other phytoseiids, feed on cyclamen mites. Research is needed to investigate the use of commercially available predators mites for cyclamen mite control in the field. Thrips and minute pirate bugs may also feed on cyclamen mite. Overhead irrigation may aid in control.

Sap beetles (Stelidota geminata)

This pest infests strawberries as the fruits begin to ripen, chewing unsightly holes in the underside or soil side of the berries. Over ripe berries which may have been over looked by unskilled pickers may attract the beetle. This pest is also responsible for disseminating fruit rot organisms as it moves about feeding on berries. Removal of damaged, diseased, and overripe fruits from the field at regular intervals is known to assist in reducing populations. Problems with sap beetles often arise with the buildup of overripe berries when rain occurs during harvest. Boxes or flats of harvested berries should be removed from the field immediately or covered to keep beetles out. Provide pickers with special containers for unmarketable berries and bury the boxes as soon as possible. Pesticides are not as effective as the cultural control practices.

Chemical control: carbaryl (Sevin), bifenthrin (Brigade), and fenpropathrin (Danitol).
Alternatives: methomyl (Lannate), and endosulfan (Thiodan / Phaser).
Cultural controls: removing ripened, damaged and/or infested fruit helps avoid attracting this pest.

Flea beetles (Pale-stripped Systena balanda and eggplant flea beetle Epitrix fuscula)

Flea beetles attack the foliage leaving small round holes. Most serious early in the growing season, this injury eventually kills infested leaves. Flea beetles overwinter as adults among debris in or near fields of host plants. They resume activity in spring and feed on weedy hosts until crop hosts are available. Eggs, deposited in soil near the bases of host plants, may require a week or more to hatch. Grubs feed on or in roots, and lower stems for 3 to 4 weeks before pupating. After a pupal period of 7 to 10 days, a new generation of beetles emerges. The palestriped flea beetle completes only one generation each year.

Chemical control: Carbaryl (Sevin) is very effective and is commonly used for this pest.
Alternatives: malathion.
Cultural control: rotation and utilizing annual production systems may reduce problems from this pest.

Root weevils (Otiorhynchus spp.)

There are many species of root weevils that attack strawberry plants. They emerge from May to August depending on species. Many feed on foliage at night and within a few weeks deposit eggs near the crowns of the plants. Larvae enter the soil to feed on the roots. Damage to the foliage reduces photosynthesis and damage to roots systems reduces growth of the plant and provides entry for disease causing organisms.

Chemical control: Insecticide applications should be targeted toward adult weevils soon after emergence to prevent egg laying and migration by crawling to other plantings. Applications are made generally at post harvest in perennial systems with bifenthrin or malathion.
Alternatives: fenamiphos (Nemacur) is labeled for nematode control, however may provide some control if applied prior to translplanting. Use of this product may not be economically feasible.
Cultural control: utilizing annual production systems may result in less damage from this pest. Rotation in annual systems will also be of benefit.

Potato leafhopper (Emposasca fabae)

Generally, potato leafhoppers do not overwinter in Tennessee. This is usually a mid to late season pest. Plants infested with potato leafhopper have an appearance of leaf burn. This is due to the toxic effects from injected salivary fluids into the leaf tissue. Young plants are most susceptible.

Chemical control: endosulfan, azinphos-methyl, bifenthrin, and malathion provide excellent to good control.
Cultural control: avoid planting near alfalfa.

Other occasional insect invaders include:

Black Vine Weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus)

The adult black vine weevil notches the edges of the leaves in June and July. The larvae feed on the fibrous roots and cause stunting and death of the plants.

Chemical control: carbaryl, and chlorpyrifos are effective.

White grubs (Phyllophaga)

White grubs can be a serious pest, especially, when turning over sod areas (lawn, pasture, fallow) for purposes of new strawberry plantings. White grubs may take out most of the new plantings if some control measures are not taken. The May and June beetle larvae have 1-2 year life cycles. Large grubs may consume all the roots on strawberry plants. Adults are normally observed in late May to late August. Larvae are normally observed damaging roots from late September until spring.

Chemical control: Carbaryl will control adult black vine weevil adults and Japanese beetle adults. Larvae may be controlled by fumigation priorto setting.
Alternatives: Use of diazinon, or chlorpyrifos (Lorsban) prior to setting may aid in control of larvae.
Cultural control: avoiding areas which have been previously planted in sod. Utilizing annual production systems will also aid in control.

Whiteflies (Trialeurodes vaporariorum)

Whiteflies pierce and suck sap from the underneath side of leaves. These pests rapidly reproduce and if not controlled early, may become a serious problem and persist throughout the growing season.

Chemical control: malathion or azinphos-methyl (Guthion) are organophosphate insecticides which are commonly used for control of whiteflies.
Alternatives: Endosulfan (Thiodan / Phaser).
Cultural control: Inspect plants in greenhouse prior to movement into the field.
Biological control: Beauveria bassiana (Botanigard ES, Mycotrol O) is expensive and has a short shelf life.

Slugs (Mollusks) Agriolimax spp.

Slugs can be especially troublesome in wet weather or where heavy mulches are used. Slugs damage fruit by eating deep holes into the surface of berries. Slugs that damage strawberries in the spring and early summer hatched from eggs deposited in strawberry plantings the previous fall. Conditions that favor egg-laying in the fall include the continuous presence of straw mulches. Slug survival and fruit damage in the spring are greatest in dense, wide rows and when overcast and rainy weather creates continuously moist conditions in strawberry beds.

Cultural Control: Removal of straw mulch after harvest, summer renovation, and delaying fall mulching as long as is practical are effective steps in reducing slug populations.
Chemical Control: Slug baits that contain 5% metaldehyde (Deadline) may be used in strawberries only if the baits are applied to the soil surface (and to mulch) and do not contact fruit. Iron phosphate (Sluggo, Escargo and Worry Free) is another material commonly used. Using chemical baiting early in the season helps reduce late season slug populations. Other bait products containing mixtures of 5% carbaryl with metaldehyde are also used.
Alternatives: Measurol would result in similar control, however is not labeled for use in food crop production.

2003 Estimated Loss by Arthropods (Insects and Mites) and Other Pests.

Pest	Estimated loss	Comments
Strawberry crown borer	0.5%
Strawberry leaf roller	2%
Strawberry rootworm	0.5%
Strawberry weevil (clipper)	0.75%
Catfacing insects	0.5%
Whitefringed beetle	0.1%
Spittlebugs	0.4%
Aphids	0.1%
Two-spotted spider mites	2%	Damage depends on dry season
Cyclamen mites	0.4%
Sap beetles	0.4 %
Flea beetles	0.1%
Root weevils	0.2%
Potato leafhopper	0.1%
Whiteflies	0.1%
Wireworms	< 0.1%	Feeding on fruit
Slugs	0.1%	Worse during wet seasons

INSECTICIDE / MITICIDE CONTROLS ^(2,3,4,5)

Bifenazate (Acarmite 50 WS) has a 12 hour REI and 1-day PHI. Is applied at the rate range of 0.75 – 1 lb or 0.0.375 – 0.5 lbs active ingredient per acre. No more than one application per harvested crop per year. Cost ranges from $45 – 60 per application. This product provides excellent control of spider mites.

Abamectin (Agri-Mek 1.5EC) has a 12 hour REI and 3-day PHI. Applied at the rate of 16 fl.oz formulation or 0.18 lbs active ingredient per acre per application. No more than 64floz. formulation per acre per season may be applied. Cost of an application is $85.60 per acre. Can not repeat treatment within 21 days of second application. Used to control spider mites.

Bifenthrin (Brigade 10WSB) has a 12 hour REI and 0-day PHI. Applied at rate ranges from 6.4 – 32 oz formulation or 0.04 – 0.2 lbs active ingredient per acre per application at a cost ranging from $13.76 – 68.80. No more than 80 oz. formulation per acre per season.Used to control leafrollers, catfacing insects, spittlebugs, spider mites, sap beetles, and root weevils.

Fenpropathrin (Danitol 2.4EC) has a 24 hour REI and a 2-day PHI. This is a restricted use pesticide. It is applied at the rates of 10.66 – 21.33 fl.oz. or 0.20 – 0.40 lbs active ingredient per acre per application. Danitol should be applied before mite populations exceed 20 per leaflet (eggs & motiles). A second application can be made with a retreatment interval of no less than 30 days. No more than two applications totaling 2.67 pints of formulation or 0.8 lbs active ingredient per acre to the same planting in 12 consecutive months. Cost per application ranges from $11.61 to 23.23 per acre depending on rate used. This product is used to control lygus bug, spittlebug, tarnished plant bug, fall armyworm, sap beetle, strawberry clipper, two spotted spider mites, yellow striped armyworms and whiteflies.

Azinphos-methyl (Guthion) has a 48 hour and 4 day REI and a 5-day PHI. REI is 48 hours for mowing, irrigating or scouting only; 4-day REI for all other purposes. Applied at the rate of 1 lb formulation per acre or 0.5 lbs active ingredient per acre per application. Cost of $10.90 per acre per application. Limited to four applications per crop per season. Five days should be allowed between applications. Application by backpack or hand wand sprayer is prohibited. Used to control aphids, leafrollers, whiteflies and spittlebugs. This product is a restricted use pesticide and has danger as the signal word.

Dicofol (Kelthane 50WSP) has a 48 hour REI and a 3-day PHI. Applied at rates ranging from 1 – 4 lbs formulation or 0.5 – 2lbs active ingredient per application per acre. Higher rates are used for cyclamen mite control. No more than 2 applications may be made per season. Cost ranging from $13.40 – 53.60 depending on rate used. This product has danger as a signal word on the label. It is primarily used to control cyclamen mites.

Methomyl (Lannate 90SP) is a restricted use pesticide which has a 48 hour REI and a 3-day PHI for fresh picked berries and a 10-day PHI for processing berries. Applied at the rate of 0.45 – 0.90 lbs active ingredient per acre per application. Cost ranges from $11.18 – 22.35 per acre per application. No more than 4.5 lb a.i. per acre per crop. No more than 10 applications per crop. Used to control armyworms, thrips, aphids, omnivorous leaftiers and lygus bugs.

Chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 4E) 24 hour REI and a 21-day PHI. Applied at the rate of 1 lb active ingredient per acre per application. Cost is approximately $10 per acre per application. May only be applied pre-bloom and is limited to two applications per season. Primarily used to control strawberry weevils, however may aid in control of white grubs, rootworms, wireworms, and ants.

Malathion (Malathion 5E) has a 12 hour REI and a 3-day PHI. Malathion is applied at the rate ranges of 24 – 48 fl. oz. or 0.9375 – 1.875 lbs active ingredient per acre per application. Cost ranges from $4.88 – 9.72 per application per acre. It may cause phytotoxicity, if sprayed with other materials. Compatibility should be checked prior to mixing with other pesticides. It is used to control spittlebugs, aphids, whiteflies, leafrollers, root weevils, strawberry crown borers and catfacing insects.

Hexythiazox (Savey 50DF) has a 12 hour REI and a 3-day PHI. Applied at the rate of 6 oz. per acre for spider mite control. No more than one application per year. Rotational crops not listed on the label may not be planted for 120 days after application of hexythiazox. Cost per application is $106.50 per acre. Used to control spider mites only.

Fenbutalin-oxide (Vendex 50WP) is a restricted use pesticide and has a 48 hour REI and a 1-day PHI. Applied at the rate range of 1.5 – 2 lbs formulation or 0.75 – 1 lb active ingredient per acre per application. No more than two applications per season may be made. No more than 4 lbs formulation or 2 lbs active ingredient per acre per season may be made. Cost ranges from $32.25 – 43 per acre. This product should be applied as soon as mites appear since mites are difficult to control.

Carbaryl (Sevin 50WP, 80S, 4XLR) has a 12 hour REI and a 7-day PHI. Carbaryl may injure Earlidawn and Sunrise varieties. Carbaryl may be applied up to a total of five times but not more often than once every seven days. Applied at the rate of 2-4 lbs formulation of 50WP or 2.5 lbs 80S or 1-2 quarts of 4F or 1 – 2 lbs active ingredient per acre per application. Cost ranges from $15.63- 31.80 depending on formulation and rate used. Used to control flea beetles, leafrollers, strawberry crown borer, sap beetles, and strawberry clipper.

Endosulfan (Thiodan 3EC, Phaser) has a 24 hour REI and a 4-day PHI. Applied at the rate of 1 lb active ingredient per acre per application. If lower rates are used, endosulfan should not be repeated within 15 days or more than twice during a 35 day period when fruit is present. At higher rates, endosulfan should not be applied at intervals less than 35 days when fruit is present. No more than three applications per year may be made. Cost ranges from $19.95 – 40.00 per application per acre. Used to control spittlebugs, aphids, and catfacing insects.

Naled (Dibrom 8EC) has a 24 hour REI and a 1-day PHI. It is applied at the rate of 1 lb active ingredient per acre per application. No more than 5 lbs active ingredient per acre may be applied per season. It is used to control aphids, Omnivorous leaftiers, spider mites, leafrollers, spittlebugs, thrips and lygus bugs.

Spinosad (SpinTor 2SC) has a 4 hour REI and a 3-day PHI. It may be applied at the formulation rate range of 4-6 fl. oz. per acre per application or 0.0625 – 0.09375 lbs active ingredient. May not be applied more than three times in succession. Cost ranges from $17.50 – 26.25 per acre per application depending on rate used. Spinosad is used to control leafrollers and thrips.

Alternatives:

Imidacloprid (Admire 2) recently became labeled. This product has a 12 hour REI and a 14-day PHI. It may be applied at the rate range of 24-32 fl.oz. per acre or 0.375 - 0.50 lbs active ingredient per acre. It is applied just prior to transplanting or at transplanting. No more than 0.5 lbs per season may be applied. Costs ranges from $109.69 – 146.25 per acre per application. This product is used to control whiteflies and aphids.

Etoxazole (Zeal) became labeled in late 2003. This product has a 12 hour REI and a 1-day PHI. It may be applied at the rate of 0.66 – 3.0 oz formulation per acre or 0.02 – 0.135 lbs active ingredient per acre. No more than 3 oz formulation per season or more than 1 application per season may be applied. Labeled for control of twospotted spider mite, lygus bug, spittle bug and tarnished plant bug. Higher rates are used to control spidermites and lower rates are used in combination with Danitol for control of true bugs. Cost will be approximately $45.00 per acre per application.

Bacillus thuringiensis (Dipel, Thuricide, Xentari, Biobit etc.) This product has a 4 hour REI and a 0-day PHI. It is used to control lepidopterous pests. Rates and formulations vary. Cost varies between manufacturers.

2003 Estimated Insecticide Usage*

Insecticide / acaricide	% usage	Ave # applications
Bifenazate (Acarmite)	< 5	1
Abamectin (Agri-Mek)	10	1
Bifenthrin (Brigade)	50	2
Fenpropathrin (Danitol)	25	2
Azinphos-methyl (Guthion)	25	2
Dicofol (Kelthane)	50	1
Methomyl (Lannate)	10	1
Chlorpyrifos (Lorsban)	50	1
Malathion	50	2
Hexythiazox (Savey)	< 5	1
Fenbutalin-oxide (Vendex)	< 5	1
Spinosad (SpinTor)	< 1	1
Carbaryl (Sevin)	50	2
Endosulfan (Thiodan / Phaser)	25	2
Diazinon	5	1
Naled (Dibrom)	< 5	1
SLUG BAITS	5	1

* The above usages are the averages for matted-row and plasticulture. Normally, spider mites are observed more frequently in plasticulture production systems.

Weeds

Weed control is essential in both types of strawberry production systems. Weeds compete for sunlight, moisture and nutrients which are essential to developing strawberry plants. Weeds also may provide an environment suitable for many insects and disease causing organisms. Environments conducive for pest development, generally means greater populations of pests and in return more damage to the crop. Both annual and perennial weeds are observed in strawberry production. Weeds may be spread by the movement of seeds, rhizomes, underground nutlets and stolons.

Weeds are normally categorized as broadleaves, grasses or sedges. These categories may be further broken down into sub-categories for the length of their life cycle, such as annual (one year), biennial (two years) and perennial (three or more years). There are several weeds that constantly cause problems in strawberry production. Yellow nutsedge is one weed that can be a severe problem if adequate moisture is available to the weed. This pesky weed may penetrate plastic mulches which allows loss of moisture and may allow entry of various diseases. Other weeds commonly observed in strawberry production include, common chickweed, henbit, dead nettle, sheperdspurse, and vetch. Summer annuals that are often observed include marestail, mayweed and various pigweeds.

In plasticulture, fumigation used in raised beds aids in reducing populations of various weed species as well as the application of preemergent herbicides used in both production systems. Post emergent herbicides are generally applied to target weeds after they have emerged. Post directed herbicide are normally applied to row middles to reduce weed populations between rows. The herbicides most commonly used in strawberry production include methyl bromide, clethodim, paraquat, devrinol, roundup, sinbar and sethoxydim. Effective replacements are needed for the loss of methyl bromide.

Cultural control

Site selection is one way to reduce problems from yellow nutsedge. Yellow nutsedge prefers wet low areas in the field. Avoid these areas to reduce the need for use of products for their control. Rotation will aid in controlling many types of weed species. Removing weeds by hand and hoeing are common in strawberry production. These methods can be a great time expense and if hired out, may increase labor costs, if weed populations are great. Cultivation between rows provides good control of weeds in row middles; however it can promote erosion. Many growers do maintain row middles by planting annual ryegrass in these areas. Mowing field edges in the fall and spring helps prevent movement of weeds into the field.

Yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus)

Yellow nutsedge is a sedge which reproduces by seed, rhizomes and tubers. The rhizomes radiate from the plant with a single bulb or tuber, the end of which may produce new plants. This plant tolerates high soil moisture and is intolerant of shade. However, this is a major pest and may penetrate plastic coverings allowing escape of moisture and provides entry for other pests.

Common Chickweed (Stellaria media)

Common chickweed is a prostrate, winter annual that is found throughout Tennessee. It has a shallow, fibrous root system and produces numerous seeds.
Weed Description: Prostrate, winter annual that is found throughout North America except for in the far west. Common chickweed is often observed in turfgrass, lawns and winter small grains.
Mouseear Chickweed (Cerastium vulgatum) is very similar in appearance and growth habit, however this species is densely covered with hairs unlike common chickweed.

Shepherdspurse (Capsella bursa pastoris )

Shepherdspurse is a winter annual up to 18 inches in height. It reproduces by seed and one plant is capable of producing thousands of small seeds. Preventing seed production is an obvious control. One of the first plants to appear in the spring, shepherdspurse can grow slowly in the rosette stage during the cooler months. Seed stalks appear when the temperatures warm. Because shepherdspurse is in the mustard family, it resists trifluralin and most of the herbicides registered for broccoli, cabbage, and cauliflower.

Cultural Control methods: Stale seedbed treatments can help prepare the beds, water to encourage the weed seeds to germinate, and then kill by shallow tillage, or herbicide application. Then plant the crop. Rotating to a cool season crop other than strawberries or one of the cole crops should be included as part of an integrated approach to managing shepherdspurse.
Chemical control: Consult the manufacturer’s label for usage in specific crops. There are several herbicides registered for corn and asparagus that control shepherdspurse.

Marestail, horseweed, horsetail (Equisetum arvensae Fam equisetaceae)

Horseweed (marestail) is an annual weed that often becomes a problem in continuous no-till fields, although it has also been a problem in some tilled fields in recent years. Horseweed can follow a winter annual or summer annual life cycle. While the majority of the horseweed emerges in the fall, it can also emerge in spring and early summer. Horseweed does not mature until late summer, so unlike many other winter annuals that mature in late spring, horseweed competes directly with other crops’ growth during the growing season and interferes with harvest also. It is usually not a problem in plasticulture production systems.

Horseweed is more easily controlled when it is small in the late fall or early spring. As the horseweed becomes larger in the spring and early summer, it becomes more difficult to control. Horseweed should be prevented from producing seed in the summer/fall after harvest with herbicide applications in fields to be replanted or cultivation in late July or early August.

Chemical control: Many populations of horseweed in West Tennessee appear to be resistant to glyphosate and herbicides with this site of action will be ineffective for horseweed control. Producers should assume most horseweed populations are resistant, so use of an effective postemergence option and rotation should be considered. The most effective and economical treatments are 2,4D ester (0.5 to 1.0 lb ai/A), or a combination of 2,4-D ester plus glyphosate (0.56 to 1.125 lb ae/A). Application of 2,4-D alone in the in the fall will greatly reduce horseweed populations the following spring. When applied in early spring to small (less than 2 inches) horseweed, 2,4-D ester (1.0 lb ai/A) is usually effective. Combinations of glyphosate plus 2,4-D ester should be used on larger horseweed.

Mayweed (Anthemis cotula)

Mayweed chamomile, often called dog fennel, is an annual bushy plant that germinates in early spring. It is adaptable to many growing conditions. The mature plant is 6 inches to 3 feet (15 - 90 cm) tall. Mayweed’s flower have odor that may not be pleasant. The majority of seeds are produced through spring and summer, although as the plant may grow at any time of the year, seed production occurs throughout the year. It germinates mainly in Autumn and Spring but it can germinate any time in the year if there is plenty of moisture.

Pigweeds (Amaranthus species)

There are various pigweeds that are observed in strawberry production, these include: redroot pigweed (A. retroflexus), prostrate pigweed (A. blitoides), smooth pigweed (A. hybridus), green pigweed (A. palmerii), spiny pigweed (A. spinosus), tumble pigweed (A. albus). Pigweeds are summer annual weeds that reproduce by seed. Each plant may be capable of producing thousands of seed normally produced late in the summer through the fall. Germination usually occurs in spring to early summer. Some species contain thorns on the stems.

Herbicides ^(2,3,4,5)

Herbicide rates are provided as rates used for broadcast applications. Reduced rates are commonly used since growers often treat as a banded application. In many instances row middles may be spot sprayed to reduce chemical costs.

Clethodim (Select 2E) is a postemergent herbicide and is used for established grass weeds. This product has a 24 hour REI and a 4-day PHI. It is applied at rates ranging from 6-8 fl.oz. formulation or 0.09375 – 0.125 lbs active ingredient per acre per application. Cost ranges from $8.55 – 11.40 per acre per application. Select is used for the control of annual and perennial grasses, including bermudagrass and rhizome johnsongrass. A crop-oil concentrate is used at 1% v/v in the finished spray volume. Do not apply more than 8 fl. oz. product/A per application.
Napropamide (Devrinol 2E, 10G, 50WP) is applied at post-transplant or when plants become established at the rate of 2-4 lbs active ingredient per acre. Cost ranges from $43.75 – 87.50 per acre. Used to control annual grasses and annual broadleaf weeds. Controls bromes, wild barley, cupgrass, annual bluegrass, crabgrass, barnyardgrass, prickley lettuce, filaree, groundsel, chickweed, fiddleneck, knotweed, lambsquarters, malva, pigweed, purslane, sowthistle and many others. This product should not be applied during active runnering and daughter plant establishment. No more than one application per year. Applications are normally made in early to mid-October. No applications made from bloom to harvest. This product does not control established weeds. This product is only active in the soil and is activated by incorporation by rainfall or irrigation.
Terbacil (Sinbar) provides preemergence control of several grass and broadleaf weeds and provides extended residual control. Can be applied broadcast over the crop and the row middles. Make an initial application no earlier than 6 months after planting, or after postharvest renovation before new growth begins. Application can also be made in late fall for additional control of winter annual weeds. For best control of emerged weeds, weeds should be 1 inch in height or diameter when treated. Do not apply more than 8 oz. per acre per growing season. Planting must be established for at least 6 months. Has the potential to cause some level of injury. Do not apply to soils with less than 2% organic matter. Applied at the rate range of 0.1 - 0.3 lbs active ingredient per acre at a cost ranging from $3.13 – 9.40 per acre. This product is difficult to obtain from retailers. It is available in 5 lb bags at the cost of $ 25 per pound.
2,4-D Amine (Amine 4EC) Applied at the rate of 1.0 – 1.5 lbs active ingredient per acre. Cost ranges from $3.57 – 5.36 per application per acre. Provides postemergence control of certain established broadleaf weeds. Apply to well established plantings after harvest or at renovation before mowing or this product can be applied when the crop is dormant. Timing is critical to avoid damage (do not apply during bud, flower or fruiting stages). Amine formulations of 2,4-D are used. Formulations other than amine can damage the crop. P align=center>Fluasifop (Fusilade DX-2EC) has a 12 hour REI and applied to non-bearing plants only. Applied at the rate of 0.25 – 0.375 lbs active ingredient per acre. Cost ranges from $16.88 – 25.31 per application per acre. Repeat applications may be necessary for re-growth of perennial grasses. For post emergence control of annual and perennial grasses. A low rate may be used for annual grasses before they exceed 4 inches tall. May cause crop injury if mixed with other products especially with Sinbar. Crop oils (1pint / 25 gallons) are normally mixed with Fusilade for added control. Should not be applied within 1 year of the first harvest.
Sethoxydim (Poast 1.5) has a 12 hour REI and a 7-day PHI. It is applied at the rate of 2.5 pints or active ingredient 0.46875 lbs per acre. Cost for this product per acre is $21.53. No more than one application per season is allowed.
Paraquat (Gramoxone 2.5, 3) applied as a post-directed spray. It has a 24 hour REI and a 21-day PHI. This product is a restricted use pesticide. It is applied at the rate of 1.5 or 1.3 pints depending on formulation or 0.46875 lbs active ingredient per application per acre. Cost of $7.50 per application per acre. No more than 3 applications per season are allowed.
Oxyfluorfen (Goal, Galigan) applied on a fallow bed prior to transplanting at the rate of 0.25 -0.5 lbs active ingredient per acre. Cost ranges from $12 – 24 per acre. Must have a 30-day treatment to planting interval. Mulch may be put down any time during this period. Apply as a preemergence broadcast or banded treatment to pre-formed beds as a fallow bed application. This product is used to control Carolina geranium, cutleaf evening primrose, red sorrel, thistles, various species of clover, mustard, henbit, and woodsorrel.
Pelargonic acid (Scythe) applied at preplant directed-shielded application at the rate of 3-10% v/v active ingredient. This product is a contact, nonselective, foliar herbicide. It has no residual control and may be tank mixed with soil residual herbicides. ***cost not available***
DCPA (Dacthal W-75) has a 12 hour REI and must be applied before bloom. Applied at the rate of 12 lbs formulation or 9 lbs active ingredient per acre per application. Usually applied at transplanting and as long as 6 weeks after. Cost ranges from $120 – 144 per acre.
Glyphosate (Roundup 4L) has a 12 hour REI and a 30-day PHI. Several formulations are available and may have shorter REIs. It is applied at the rate of 1 quart formulation or 1 lb active ingredient per acre per application. It is normally applied to row middles using a shielded sprayer. No more than 5.3 quarts per acre per year may be applied. Generally this product is not applied in the fall. Applications cost is usually $13.00 per acre per application.

Alternatives:

Clopyralid (Stinger, Lontrel). Tennessee may obtain a 24C at a later date.
Simazine (Princep) is not labeled in Tennessee, only in western states.
Carfentrazone-ethyl (Aim) may be labeled in the near future for row middles in plasticulture.
Flumioazin (Valor) may be labeled in the near future for use in row middles of plasticulture or as a broadcast in matted-row systems.

2003 Estimated Herbicide Usage

Herbicide	Estimated % acreage use	Ave # applications / year
Clethodim (Select)	50	1.5
Napropamide (Devrinol)	60	1
Terbacil (Sinbar)	20	1
2,4-D amine	25	1
Fluasifop (Fusilade)	< 5	1
Sethoxydim (Poast)	50	1
Paraquat (Gramoxone)	50	1.5
DCPA (Dacthal)	< 5	1
Glyphosate (Roundup)	10	1
Oxyfluorfen (Goal)	< 5	1
Pelargonic acid (Scythe)	< 5	1

FUMIGANTS
Vapam	< 5	1
Methyl Bromide 67% Chloropicrin 33%	50	1
Methyl Bromide 98% Chloropicrin 2%	5 - 10	1
Telone C-17	< 5	1
Telone II	< 5	1
Telone C-35	10	1

Diseases

Diseases of the fruit are very important because cause a direct loss of the harvested product. Even if fruit is slightly blemished by a pathogen by the time it reaches the market the entire fruit becomes engulfed and soon disintegrates. Botrytis is commonly observed as a fruit contaminate in market places. However, another devastating disease is anthracnose. It not only affects the fruit, but it also affects many other parts of the strawberry plant and may cause severe problems in perennial systems. These are two diseases that producers continually have to battle to maintain economic returns in strawberry production.

Fruit Diseases

Anthracnose (Colletotrichum. Acutatum)

Anthracnose is a very destructive disease that can affect almost any part of the strawberry plant. Several species of the fungus Colletotrichum can cause strawberry anthracnose, but the predominant species is C. acutatum. In matted-row plantings, anthracnose can cause bed-fill problems during runner production in the summer, while fruit rot can affect either type of strawberry planting.

Anthracnose fruit rot is characterized by circular, slightly sunken, tan to brown spots that usually turn black but may remain tan. Under humid conditions, the center of the spot can become covered with orange or salmon-colored spore masses. The spots enlarge until the entire berry rots and shrivels. Green berries also can be infected, producing small, hard, deformed fruit with a dark brown lesion. If warm, humid weather occurs during the bloom period, flowers and their stems may become infected, and entire flower clusters may die. Calyx infections result in dark, dry caps. On stolons (runner stems) and petioles (leaf stems), anthracnose lesions are dark, firm, sunken and dry. The lesions can quickly girdle and kill stolons and young runner plants. Small anthracnose lesions on stems can be confused with lesions of other diseases. In infected matted-row plantings, established plants become debilitated, showing lack of growth, dead older leaves and little runner production. The root system is usually dark and decayed. The fungus can enter the crown, causing the plants to quickly wilt and die. A lengthwise cut through the crown reveals a reddish-brown, firm rot.

Anthracnose is favored by hot, rainy weather. In most years, symptoms are difficult to find prior to the harvest period. However, severe fruit rot can occur despite a lack of stem symptoms, if the weather is favorable. The fungal spores are dispersed by splashing rain. Infected transplants often serve as the source of the disease in a planting. The fungus can survive one winter in plant debris, and can also survive in alternate hosts.

Anthracnose problems can be avoided by using certified disease-free transplants and by using resistant varieties (Table 1). If a planting is known to have anthracnose, follow a weekly fungicide spray program. In most years, adequate control is obtained by beginning the spray program at or just before the beginning of harvest. To protect against the occasional early outbreak, a spray program that includes fungicides effective against both anthracnose and gray mold should be initiated at early bloom. In matted-row plantings, control of anthracnose on susceptible varieties during the summer is difficult, because of the number of sprays required. Do not sprinkler-irrigate infected plants, if possible.

Non-infested fields located near infested fields can remain clean if care is taken to prevent spread. Pickers should never move from an infested field to a non-infested field. There have been reports of success in checking spread by removing plants showing anthracnose fruit rot from the field. In this method, which is practical if the disease begins in a small area, all infected plants and surrounding plants are removed and destroyed.

Chemical controls: Products used for control of anthracnose also give control for botrytis and leaf spots. The following materials are used: captan, thiram, Switch, Quadris, and Cabrio. Products are used at bloom and if perennial plantings are involved then after harvest very 10-14 days as needed.
Cultural control: using certified disease-free transplants, plastic mulch, mulch row middles, weed control, mowing and renovation are helpful. Remove infected fruit. Using minimal nitrogen may aid in control.

Gray mold (Botrytis cinerea)

Gray mold, is one of the most common strawberry fruit rots caused by a fungus. Losses can be high if persistent wet weather occurs during bloom or the fruiting season. The fuzzy brown to gray spore masses can develop on any injured or senescent tissue, but most economic losses result from fruit rots and, sometimes, blossom blight. The fungus can also cause a crown rot. Fruit infections appear as light brown, rapidly expanding spots. They are irregular in shape, as opposed to the circular of anthracnose lesions.

The gray mold fungus is readily airborne and commonly encountered. Winter carryover is greatest in fields in which there is a large amount of dead plant material, on which the fungus develops. Mild, wet, humid weather is most favorable for infection. Most infections of the fruit result from blossom infections that remain latent in the developing berry, becoming active and causing a rot when the fruit ripens.

Chemical controls: Key times for applying protective fungicide sprays are during bloom. The period between early style='letter-spacing:-.35pt'>bloom (5 to 10 percent open blooms) and late bloom (90 percent of blooms having opened) is most critical. Sprays can be continued through harvest, observing the label restrictions of the fungicides. In perennial systems products may be used after harvest every 10-14 days as needed. Some products used for control of botrytis also give control for anthracnose and leaf spots. The following materials are used: captan, thiram, Switch, thiophanate-methyl, Elevate, Quadris, and Cabrio. Products are used at bloom and if growers produce perennial plantings, after harvest very 10-14 days as needed.
Cultural control: Certain varieties, such as Earliglow and Delmarvel, have resistance to gray mold. Control of gray mold includes planting in a sunny location that provides good air movement and has good soil drainage. Mulching helps prevent contracting the fungus from the soil. Do not sprinkler irrigate, except for frost protection. Avoid applying nitrogen fertilizer in the spring, as this practice leads to soft berries and excessive leaf cover. A common practice in plasticulture systems is to remove winter-killed foliage from the field before bloom, to eliminate an important food base for the fungus. Pick fruit frequently and remove diseased fruit. Matted-row plantings should be properly renovated after harvest, narrowing the rows and removing diseased and dead plant parts. Controlling weeds growing in close proximity of plants allows more air movement.

Leather rot (Phytophthora cactorum)

Leather rot is a fruit rot and severe losses are rare, except where drainage is poor or plant growth is excessive. Leather rot can present a marketing problem in that some infected berries appear normal, but have a sour odor and unpleasant taste. Processing such berries can produce bitter tasting jams and jellies. Infected green berries become brown, while mature berries can be brown, lilac, or dark purple. A sparse, white mold may cover the surface of the berry. Initially soft, the rotted berry later becomes tough and leathery.

Chemical control: Mefenoxam (Ridomil Gold) may be applied prior to bloom, and during fruit set or harvest. Aluminum-tris (Aliette) can be applied at early bloom and at 7-14 day intervals.
Cultural control: Proper site selection or improvement to reduce or eliminate standing water. Adequate water drainage using drainage tiles, planting on ridges or raised beds and planting in areas that have good air movement. Avoid formation of water retaining in areas between rows (ruts). Avoid overhead irrigation, since the spores are spread by splashing or wind-blown water. Avoid over-fertilization, especially in the spring, and keep matted-row plantings properly thinned. Mulching aids control by preventing fruit contact with the soil, and preventing splashing of the spores onto the fruit.

Leaf Diseases

Leaf diseases commonly appear on strawberry plants. The three fungal diseases and one bacterial disease discussed below can cause significant damage on susceptible varieties if environmental conditions are conducive for their development. In such cases, enough leaf tissue can be destroyed that the plant is weakened, thus causing it to be more subject to winter injury. Additionally, the organisms that cause these diseases can infect berries, calyxes or berry stems, causing quality problems or even loss of fruit.

Fungal leaf diseases are controlled by planting certified, disease-free plants in a location exposed to all-day sun; the use of resistant varieties; avoidance of overhead irrigation, except for frost protection; and proper renovation (in matted-row plantings) that includes narrowing the rows and clipping excess foliage. Fungicide spray programs may be needed. Many of the fungicides used in the spring for prevention of gray mold are also effective against the fungal leaf diseases. There may be a need for fungicidal control in matted-row plantings in the summer and fall, and in plasticulture fields in the fall. These needs may be met on an as-needed basis. Unless a highly susceptible variety is planted, adequate control can be maintained by delaying the application until disease activity is observed.

Leaf blight (Phomopsis obscurans)

Leaf blight,caused by a fungus which is an important summertime disease because so few varieties have adequate resistance to it. Once considered to be a disease only of older or weakened leaves, leaf blight has become an important disease, aggressively attacking leaves of any age. Lesions begin as circular to elliptical, purple spots that can appear identical to those of common leaf spot or leaf scorch. The purple spots develop dark brown centers as they enlarge. Some infected leaves display large V-shaped lesions, with the widest part at the leaf edge. If the spots become numerous, large areas of the leaf become purple or red, and the leaf may die. The fungus can also cause dark lesions on stems and berry caps. On berries, infection can cause a soft, light pink lesion that develops a tough, tan-colored center. Leaf blight prospers in hot, wet weather, usually not producing symptoms until late spring. Spores are produced in brown, speck-sized fruiting structures in lesions and are spread by splashing water to other plant parts. The fungus overwinters in dead leaves and stems.

Chemical control: Myclobutanil, azoxystrobin and thiophanate-methyl.
Cultural control: see “leaf diseases” above.

Common leaf spot

Common leaf spot caused by the fungus Mycosphaerella fragariae,is frequently encountered, but most of our commonly planted varieties have adequate tolerance to it. On highly susceptible varieties such as Idea, control practices are essential. Common leaf spot is characterized by small, 1/8-inch, circular leaf spots. These spots begin as purple to reddish purple lesions, developing distinctive tan to grayish white centers (Figure 12). Infections that occur on stem structures are similar to those on the leaves. The fungus can cause a “black seed” condition on the berries, and the tissue immediately surrounding a seed may become black.

Common leaf spot is more prevalent in cool, wet weather. Some spread can even be expected during mild periods of winter, especially under straw bed covers. Outbreaks are most severe in spring and fall. The fungus overwinters on infected leaves that survive the winter.

Chemical control: Captan, thiram, Nova, thiophanate-methyl, azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin
Cultural control: see “leaf diseases” above.

Leaf scorch

Leaf scorch, caused by the fungus Diplocarpon earliana, is not as common in Tennessee as leaf blight or common leaf spot. Many of our varieties have adequate tolerance to leaf scorch under Tennessee conditions. Leaf scorch symptoms are very similar to the early stages of leaf blight or common leaf spot. Leaf spots are up to 1/4-inch in diameter and purple to red (Figure 13). The centers may become brown, but not white or gray as with common leaf spot. As with Phomopsis leaf blight, considerable scorching can occur, i.e., blighting and death of leaves. Reddish lesions may form on stem structures or calyxes. Leaf scorch can be active during spring, summer or fall. Spores produced in lesions are spread mainly by splashing water. The fungus overwinters on infected leaves that survive the winter.

Chemical control: materials used for leaf spots will aid in control of this pest.
Cultural control: See “leaf diseases” above.

Angular leaf spot (Xanthomonas fragariae)

Angular leaf spot, is caused by a bacterium and became a problem in Tennessee strawberry production in the 1990s. It is seen more often in plasticulture than in matted-row production. Leaf lesions are reddish brown and often angular in shape, delimited by leaf veins. Under certain conditions, however, the spots are less angular and may resemble leaf blight or leaf scorch. The diagnostic symptom is the presence of dark green, water-soaked lesions on the underside of the leaf. These are recent infections and are translucent when the leaves are held up to a light. Calyxes and fruit stems can be infected, reducing marketability due to dry, brown calyxes. This aspect of angular leaf spot is, perhaps, its most damaging one.

The bacterium overwinters on infected dead leaves and also enters plantings on infected transplants. Plant-to-plant movement is through splashing water and on the hands of workers. Development of angular leaf spot is favored by moderate to cool daytime temperatures, cool nighttime temperatures and high humidity. Overhead irrigation for frost control enhances the disease, since water and near-freezing temperatures favor infection.

Angular leaf spot is difficult to control with chemical sprays, so avoidance is the best means of control.

Chemical control: Foliar sprays of fixed copper products provide some control of the leaf spot phase of angular leaf spot, but have not proved satisfactory for control of calyx infections. Repeated use of copper can cause phytotoxicity (leaf burn). The use of copper after berries begin to ripen can cause spotting on red berries.
Cultural control: Disease-free planting stock is key, but this disease can be present in symptomless plants. Avoid overhead irrigation except for frost protection. Use only clean or certified transplants. Infested fields should not be worked when plants are wet, and work healthy fields first to avoid spread.

Root and Crown Diseases

Red stele(Phytophthora fragariae)

Red stele, caused by the fungus Phytophthora fragariae, can be a serious threat to susceptible varieties. Most current varieties are resistant to red stele, but some susceptible varieties, such as Cardinal, are still planted commercially. Several varieties found in home gardens are susceptible. Affected plants are stunted, produce few runners and fruit, wilt when the weather becomes hot, and die. The disease usually appears first in poorly drained areas of the field, and is most apparent from spring through mid-summer. The most characteristic symptom is the reddish-brown discoloration of the central cylinder (stele) of otherwise white roots. The red stele symptoms in the roots are present only in the winter and spring. In later stages of the disease, roots die and turn black. Infected roots may lack branching, causing a “rat-tail” effect. The causal fungus can survive for many years in the absence of strawberries. If red stele-infested fields must be planted in strawberries, fumigate the soil with methyl bromide and use a resistant variety. The proper use of appropriate fungicides combined with these cultural practices should aid in reducing losses to red stele.

Chemical controls: Methyl bromide, mefenoxam and fosetyl-al.
Alternatives: Methyl bromide applications may be made prior to setting.
Cultural Control Practices: Use of resistant varieties and long periods of rotation are the most effective means of control. Plant on well drained soil types or areas to reduce possible damage. Clean all field equipment, remove any remaining soil thoroughly before using it. Use certified disease-free transplants and selectwell-drained sites. Use of drainage tiles and planting on raised beds. Avoid moving infested soil to non-infested areas on farm implements. Reduce movement of water from infested areas to non-infested areas.

Phytophthora crown rot (Phytophthora cactorum)

Phytophthora crown rot is increasing in importance. Like red stele, this disease is most likely found in poorly-drained areas of the field. Symptoms are most common between flowering and harvest when plants are under stress. It is first noticed as a wilting of the youngest leaves, and complete collapse occurs within days. The wilting may be one-sided, depending on the number of crowns infected. Brown areas resembling anthracnose crown rot occur in the interior of the crown. Crown tissue will disintegrate with time. Plants may survive but are usually stunted.

Chemical controls: mefenoxam and fosetyl-al.
Alternatives: Methyl bromide applications may be made prior to setting.
Cultural Control Practices: No varieties suitable for production in Tennessee are known to be resistant to Phytophthora crown rot. Use disease-free transplants. Long rotations may be an effective means of control. Plant on well drained areas and avoid low wet areas. Avoid infested fields.

Verticillium wilt (Verticillium alboatrum)

Verticillium wilt does not occur frequently in Tennessee. Symptoms include death of older leaves, while the inner leaves remain green until the plant slowly dies. Control is accomplished primarily by the use of resistant varieties or by soil fumigation.

Chemical control: fumigation using methyl bromide.
Cultural control: use of resistant varieties, and rotation.

DISEASE CONTROL ^(4,5)

The selection of disease resistant varieties may aid growers in reducing the amount damage and the amount of fungicide sprays needed to control the multitude of diseases that may be encountered. >Growers should be aware of past disease incidence and crops previously grown to make the best management decisions when selecting production sites. Listed in the table below are several disease resistant varieties available to growers.

Table 1. Disease Reactions of Selected Strawberry Varieties

Variety	Leaf Spot	Leaf Scorch	Leaf Blight	Anthracnose	Red Stele	Verticillium Wilt
Allstar	R	M	S	S	R	R
Cardinal	R	M	–	S	S	S
Chandler	M	–	S	S	S	_
Delmarvel	R	R	M	R	R	R
Earliglow	M	R	S	S	R	R
Idea	S	–	M	R	–	_
Latestar	M	R	–	–	R	R
Primetime	R	R	–	–	R	R
Redchief	M	M	S	S	R	R
Sweet Charlie	M	–	S	R	–	_

R = moderately resistant to highly resistant; M = moderately resistant to moderately susceptible;
S = moderately susceptible to highly susceptible; – = unknown.

2003 Estimated Disease Loss in Strawberry Production

Pest	% Estimated Loss	Comment
Anthracnose	3	Loss depends on season
Botrytis	5	Loss depends on season
Leather rot	0.3	Worse in matted-row
Phomopsis leaf blight	0.3
Common leaf spot	0.1
Leaf scorch	Trace
Angular leaf spot	Trace	Plasticulture (comes in on plugs)
Red stele	Trace	Use resistant cultivars
Phytophthora crown rot	0.2	Plasticulture (comes in on plugs)
Verticillium wilt	0

Chemical Disease Control ^(2,3,4,5)

Fungicides are used by growers as prophylactic controls. Once a pathogen becomes established in a field, it may become extremely difficult to control. Timing of application can be critical if environmental conditions favor disease development.

Aluminum-tris or fosetyl-al (Aliette) has a 12 hour REI and a 12 hour PHI. This product is applied as a foliar spray at the rate of 2.5 – 5 lbs formulation per acre or 2 – 4 lbs active ingredient per acre. Application cost for this material ranges from $29.50 – 59.00 per application. This product has caution for the signal word. No more than 30 lbs formulation per acre per season may be applied. Aliette is used to control red stele and leather rot. For red stele control, Aliette is applied in the spring when plants start active growth. If disease conditions persist or reoccur, additional applications on 30-60 day intervals are made. For leather rot control, applications begin when 10% bloom and early fruit set occurs and continues on 7-14 day intervals as long as conditions are favorable for disease development.

Pyraclostrobin (Cabrio 20EG) has a 24 hour REI and 0-day PHI. It is applied at the rates ranging from 12 - 14 oz per acre or 2.8 oz active ingredient per acre. Application cost range from $18.23 – 21.27 per application per acre. No more than 5 applications of Cabrio or other strobilurin fungicides should be applied per crop. No more than 2 consecutive applications should be made before alternating to fungicides with a different mode of action.

Captan (Captan, Captec) has a 24 hour REI and a 0-day PHI. No more than 24 lb a.i., or 48 lb of Captan 50WP, should be applied per acre per year. Cost for an application is around $9.60 per acre if applied to control anthracnose and leafspots. Cost would increase for applications made to control botrytis. Botrytis applications rates double to 6lbs formulation per acre per application at a cost of $19.20. This product is often applied with thiophanate methyl (Topsin-M).

Iprodione (Rovral 4L, Ipriodione 50WG) has a 24 hour REI and should not be applied after first flower, and no more than 1 application per season. It is applied at the rate of 0.75 – 1 lb active ingredient per acre. Provides excellent control for botrytis and good control for leaf spots. Cost ranges from $27.70 – 36.92 per application per acre.

Sulfur (various, Kumulus) has a 24 hour REI and 0-day PHI. This product is applied at the rate of 5-10 lbs formulation per acre or 4 – 8 lbs active ingredient per acre. This product should not be applied to sulfur sensitive varieties. Cost ranges from $1.50 to 3.00 per application per acre.

Myclobutanil (Nova 40W) has a 24 hour REI and 0-day PHI. This product is applied at the rate of 2.5 – 5 oz formulation or 1 – 2 oz. active ingredient per acre per application and n style='letter-spacing:-.2pt'>o more than 30 oz formulation per acre per year can be applied. Cost ranges from $9.75 – 19.50 per application per acre. There is a 30-day plant-back interval between last application and planting non-labeled crops.

Copper hydroxide (Nu-Cop 3L) has a 48 hour REI and a 0-day PHI. Application rates range from 1.3 – 4 pints per acre formulation or 0.5 – 2.25 lbs active ingredient per acre. Price ranges from $1.00 – 4.25 per application per acre. This material may cause a burn of leaves and a discoloration of berries, especially if applied to ripening berries. Used to control downy mildew, leaf spots and leaf blights.

Azoxystrobin (Quadris 2.08SC) has a 4 hour REI and a 0-day PHI. This product may be applied at rates ranging from 6.2 – 15.4 fl.oz. formulation or 0.1 – 0.25 lbs active ingredient per acre per application. Cost ranges from $13.75 – 34.18 per application per acre. No more than 4 applications per crop should be made. No more than 2 consecutive applications should be made before alternating to fungicides with a different mode of action. Avoid spray drift to apple trees, and do not use spray equipment that has been previously used to apply Quadris to spray apple trees. Do not make more than 2 consecutive applications before alternating to fungicides with a different mode of action.

Trimflumizole (Procure 50WS) has a 12 hour REI and a 1-day PHI. May be applied at the rate of 4 – 8 oz formulation or 2 – 4 oz. active ingredient per acre per application for powdery mildew control. Cost ranges from $12 – 24 per application. This product is limited to 16 oz active ingredient per acre per year or no more than 32 oz formulation per acre per season may be applied. Procure has a 1-year plant-back interval between last application and planting non-labeled crops. Exceptions: Leafy vegetables may be planted after 30 days; root vegetables after 60 days.

Cyprodinil and Fludioxonil (Switch 62.5WG) has a 12 hour REI and 0-day PHI. This product is composed of 37.5% cyprodinil and 25% fludioxonil. It is applied at the rate ranging from 11-14 oz formulation per acre per application at a cost ranging from $43.34 – 55.16 per acre per application. No more than 56 oz formulation per acre per year may be applied or no more than 1.3125 lbs cyprodinl and 0.875 lbs fludioxonil. Rotational crops other than strawberries or onions should not be planted for 12 months following the last application of Switch.Used to control botrytis.

Thiophanate methyl (Topsin-M 70WSB) has a 12 hour REI and a 1-day PHI. It is applied at the rate of 1 lb formulation or 0.7 lb active ingredient per acre per application. Cost per application per acre $17.00. No more than 5 lb per acre should be applied per year. Use only in as a tank-mix or in alternation with a labeled non-benzimidazole fungicide, e.g. not with benomyl (Benlate). Benlate has been discontinued and is no longer available.

Neem oil (Trilogy 5.46) has a 4 hour REI and a 0-day PHI. It is applied at the rate of 5 – 25 gallons per acre per application. It is used to control mites and may aid in suppression of several diseases.

Mefenoxam (Ridomil Gold 4EC) has a 48hour REI and a 0-day PHI. It is applied at the rate of 1 pint per acre and no more than 1.5 qt formulation or 1.5 lbs active ingredient per acre per year may be applied. Cost per application is $90.50. It is used to control red stele and leather rot. It is applied after the ground thaws and prior to bloom. Multiple applications may be made for leather rot control.

Thiram (Thiram 75WG) has a 24 hour REI and a 3-day PHI. It is applied at the rates ranging from 3 – 4.4 lbs formulation or 2.25 – 3.3 lbs active ingredient per acre per application for control of botrytis, anthracnose and leaf spots. It is also deters rabbits and deer from eating developing berries. Cost ranges from $7.95 – 11.66 per acre per application.

Fenhexamid (Elevate 50WDG) has a 12 hour REI and a 0-day PHI. It is applied at a rate range of 0.5 – 0.75 lbs active ingredient per acre. Cost per application ranges from $35.50 – 53.25. It is used to control gray mold. Use an alternative material for 2 consecutive applications before reapplying this material.

Alternatives:

Pyraclostrobin and boscalid (Pristine 12.8/25.2) has recently received a label. It has a 24 hour REI and a 0-day PHI. It may be applied at the formulation rate of 18.5 – 23 oz per acre with a maximum of 115 oz. and 5 applications per season. These rates would range from 0.1479 – 0.184 lbs pyraclostrobin and 0.2913 – 0.3622 lbs boscalid active ingredient per acre per application.

2003 Estimated Fungicide Use in Strawberry Production

Fungicide	% Estimated use	Avg # of applications
Aliette	0	NA
Cabrio	0	NA
Captan	90	4
Fenhexamide (Elevate)	50	2
Rovral (Ipriodione)	0	NA
Sulfur	0	NA
Nova	5	3
Copper hydroxide	1	3
Quadris	50	2
Procure	0	NA
Switch	50	2
Thiophanate-methyl (Topsin-M)	30	2
Ridomil Gold	5	2
Thiram	1	3

Classification, Signalwords and Common names of Pesticides Used in Strawberry Production.

Common name	Tradename	Classification	Signal word	Type*
Bifenazate	Acarmite	Carbazate	Caution	I
Abamectin	Agri-Mek**	Biocontrol	Warning	I
Bifenthrin	Brigade**	Pyrethroid	Warning	I
Fenpropathrin	Danitol**	Pyrethroid ester	Warning	I
Azinphos-methyl	Guthion**	Organophosphate	Danger	I
Dicofol	Kelthane	Organochlorine	Danger	I
Methomyl	Lannate**	Carbamate	Danger	I
Chlorpyrifos	Lorsban**	Organophosphate	Warning	I
Malathion	Malathion	Organophosphate	Caution	I
Propargite	OMite	Organosulfur	Danger	I
Hexythiazox	Savey	Carboxamide	Caution	I
Bacillus thuringiensis	Bt, Deliver, Biobit, Dipel	Microbial	Caution	I
Fenbutalin-oxide / Hexakis	Vendex**	Organotin	Danger	I
Beauveria bassiana	BotaniGard ES, Mycotrol O	Microbial	Caution	I
Carbaryl	Sevin	Carbamate	Caution	I
Spinosad	SpinTor	Naturalyte	Caution	I
Endosulfan	Thiodan	Chlorinated hydrocarbon	Danger	I
Naled	Dibrom	Organophosphate	Danger	I
Imidacloprid	Admire	Chloronicotinyl	Caution	I
Etoxazole	Zeal	Unclassified	Caution	I
Aluminum-tris	Aliette	Organophosphate	Caution	F
Pyraclostrobin	Cabrio	Strobilurin	Caution	F
Captan	Captan	Phthalimide	Danger	F
Iprodione	Rovral	Dicarboximide	Caution	F
Sulfur	Sulfur	Organic	Caution	F/M
Myclobutanil	Nova	Demethylation inhibitor	Warning	F
Copper hydroxide	Copper	Copper	Caution	F
Azoxystrobin	Quadris	Strobilurin	Caution	F
Triflumizole	Procure	Imidazole	Caution	F
Thiophate-methyl	Topsin-M	Benzimidazole	Caution	F
Thiram	Thiram	Dithiocarbamate	Caution	F
Mefenoxam	Ridomil Gold	Phenylamide	Caution	F
Fenhexamid	Elevate	Hydroxyanelide	Caution	F
Pyraclostrobin/boscalid	Pristine	Strobilurin	Caution	F
Cyprodinil/Fludioxonil	Switch	Pyrrole	Caution	F
Neem oil	Triology	Botanical	Caution	F/M
Clethodim	Select	Dim	Warning	H
Napropamide	Devrinol	Amide	Caution	H
Terbacil	Sinbar	Uracil	Caution	H
2,4-D	Amine	Phenoxy	Danger	H
Fluasifop	Fusilade	Fop	Caution	H
Sethoxydim	Poast	Dim	Warning	H
Paraquat	Gramoxone**	Photosystem I Inhibitor	Danger	H
Oxyfluorfen	Goal	Diphenylether	Warning	H
Pelargonic Acid	Scythe		Warning	H
DCPA	Dacthal	Phthalic acid or Chlorinated benzoic acid	Caution	H
Glyphosate	Roundup	EPSP Synthase Inhibitor	Warning	H
Clopyralid	Stinger	Pyridine	Caution	H
Simazine	Princep	Triazine	Caution	H
Carfentrazone-ethyl	Aim	Trizolinone	Caution	H
Flumioxazin	Valor	N-phenylthalimides	Caution	H
Methyl bromide	Methyl bromide	Fumigant	Danger	FUM
1,3-Dichloropropene + chloropicrin	Telone C-17, C-35, In-Line**	Fumigant	Danger	FUM
1,3-Dichloropropene	Telone-II	Fumigant	Warning	FUM
Metam Sodium	Vapam	Fumigant	Danger	FUM
Dazomet	Basamid	Fumigant	Warning	FUM
Metalaldehyde	Durham	Acetaldehyde	Caution	Mol

* F= Fungicide, FUM= fumigant, I= insecticide, H= herbicide, Mol= molluscicide
** = Restricted Use Pesticide

Contacts

Steve Bost
Professor, Entomology and Plant Pathology
email: scbost@utk.edu

John Buchanan
Assistant Professor, Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
email:mailto:%20jbuchan7@utk.edu

Frank Hale
Professor, Entomology and Plant Pathology
email: fahale@utk.edu

Darrell Hensley
Assistant Extension Specialist, Entomology and Plant Pathology
email: dhensley@mail.ag.utk.edu

Allen Straw
Assistant Professor, Plant Sciences
email: astraw@utk.edu

References

United States Department of Agriculture. National Agricultural Statistics Service. Noncitrus Fruits and Nuts. 2002 Summary. July, 2003. http://jan.mannlib.cornell.edu/reports/nassr/fruit/pnf-bb/ncit0703.txt
Crop Protection Reference 2003. C&P Press.http://www.greenbook.net/
Crop Data Management Systems, Inc. CDMS http://www.cdms.net/pfa/LUpdateMsg.asp
Extension PB 1622, Disease and Insect Control in Home Fruit Plantings. University of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service.
Extension PB 1187, Commercial Small Fruit Spray Schedules. University of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service.